1. COAGULATION

2. COAGULATION
Aggregation of fines into collection of particles which easily settle is referred to as coagulation

3. Main parameter: stability ratio W
coagulation
homocoagulation
heterocoagulation
Main parameter: stability ratio W

4. Process delineation (thermodynamics)
Gk = Gh – G 
Gk = Gk d + Gk el + Gk s + Gk inne
That is components: dispersion (d), electrical (el),
structural (s), a others

5. Dispersion interactions
H – distance between particles, m
R – diameter of particle, m
A132 – Hamaker constant, J
phase 1
phase 2
phase 3

6. Dispersion interaction

7. Dispersion interaction
Hamaker constant

8. Dispersion interaction

9. Electrostatic interaction
1 – particle electrostatic potential, V,
2 – the other particle electrostatic potential, V,
R1 – particle radius, m,
R2 – the other particle radius, m,
 – dielectric constant (usually water)
0 – dielectric permeability in vacuum, 8, ·10–12 C2 N–1 m–2
1/ – Debye radius (thickness of ewp), m,
H – distance between interacting objects, m.

10. Electrostatic interaction

11. Structural interaction
For flat particles
For spherical particles
K , K* , Eso- constants
l - parameter correlating standing for thickness of oriented water molecules at the surface of particle
H - distance between particles
R - radius of particles

12. Total interaction

13. Total interaction

14. Stability ratio W

15. Time of half-life t1/2 of hypothetical emulsion containing 1 m droplet and having energy barrier Vmax one radius apart from the droplet surface (after Friberg, 1991)

16. Main parameter: stability ratio W

18. selective coagulation

19. selective coagulation

20. selective coagulation