1. Review Chapters 13, 14 and 15

2. Chapter 13 – The Tang and Song
Tang before Song
Usually presented together because they have similar innovations and responses to events
Follow the Sui Dynasty

3. Sui Conquered number of areas and united them
Gained support of people by lowering taxes and setting up granaries to have a stable and cheap supply of food
Reformed legal system
Reformed Confucian educational system
Created bureaucracy based on scholar-gentry
Construction of Grand Canal-needed to transport food from the major food producing regions of the South to the cities of the North
Defeated by Turkic nomads

4. Tang Expanded territory Rebuilt bureaucracy
expanded Confucian ideology
Restored scholar-gentry elite and reduced the power of the aristocracy
Power shared by imperial family and bureaucrats
Ministry of Public Rites-administered expanded examination system
Jinshi-title given to those who passed the third and highest level of exams
Exams important in gaining positions but being born into a powerful family was also very important

5. Tang Confucianism and the scholar elite threatened Buddhism’s role
Buddhism supported by Empress Wu – wished to make it the official state religion
Pure Land Buddhism-Mahayana: salvationist, followed by masses
Chan (Zen) Buddhism: stressed meditation and nature, followed by elite
Buddhism attacked as foreign and as an economic threat
Confucianism became the dominant ideology

6. Song Reunited China 50 years after Tang fell
Controlled less territory than the Tang
Weak in dealing with nomadic peoples
Military subordinated to scholar-gentry civilians
Confucian ideals dominated
Neo-Confucianism reinforced, age, class and gender distinctions reinforcing the patriarchal structure.

7. Song
Southern Song – Song fled South when the nomadic Jurchen peoples captured the Yellow River basin and formed the Qin Kingdom
Fell to the Mongols – Kubilai Khan – founded Yuan dynasty

8. Golden Age of Tang and Song
Engineering-canals and bridges
Grand canal connected North and South making transportation of grains and food easier and faster
Urbanization-many large cities with marketplaces, parks and places for entertainment
Technical and scientific discoveries-explosive powder (gunpowder), moveable type printing, coal, abacus
Economic innovations-banks, paper money, credit, urban market centers, increased seafaring trade and re-opened Silk Road routes

9. Tang and Song Society Patriarchal – clear male dominance
Women ideally relegated to the household
Foot binding – physically restricted women’s movement
Extended families the ideal – could only be afforded by the wealthy
Art-literature, poetry and landscape painting – done by scholar-gentry intellectuals

10. Chapter 14 Japan, Korea, Vietnam
Satellite states
Tributary states

11. Japan 7th – 9th centuries – peak period of Chinese influence
Major idea transferred - Buddhism
Shinto still central
Taika reforms of 646 – emperor attempted to impose Chinese model of rule where emperor has absolute power
Aristocrats adopted Chinese values
Buddhist ideas blended with local religion
Reforms failed due to aristocracy’s sense of the threat of a bureaucracy to their own power
Emperor lost power to aristocrats and local lords

12. Japan 8th century Buddhist gained power
Emperor moves capital to Heian (Kyoto) to escape Buddhist threat
Even though the emperor’s court had no power, it still had a strong culture of art, leisure and high status
In the countryside local lords gained power
bushi: warrior leaders
Samurai: the mounted armed men of the bushi
11th and 12th centuries marked by great deal of violence
samurai hired for protection – creation of the warrior class
Aristocrats needed alliances with warriors in order to have any power
Bushido-code of behavior followed by warriors. Stressed honor and death over defeat

13. Japan Warrior class led to peasants becoming serfs – bound to the land
Two major families fought for dominance from
Taira and Minamoto – the Gempei Wars
Minamoto won and established a military government (bakufu) at Kamakura (near Tokyo) – emperor kept in place but had no power. This was the beginning of Japanese feudalism. Military leader called SHOGUN.

14. Japan Taira v. Minamoto Yoritomo – Minamoto Shogun – controls emperor
Hojo family – manipulate Minamoto Shoguns
Ashikaga shogunate (Ashikaga a Minamoto leader who overthrew Hojo)
Civil War – broke up Japan into 300 small states ruled by daimyo (warlords)
Daimyos contributed to economic growth by supporting public works and proper management in their areas of control, introduced new crops and new agricultural techniques

15. Korea Most influenced by China of all satellite states
Choson-earliest Korean kingdom
Buddhism a key element gained from the Chinese and preferred by elite Koreans over Confucianism
Chinese writing also adopted.

16. Korea Tang take over Korea
Korean kingdom of Silla becomes a vassal state formed an independent government that governed Korea.
Chinese influence peaked between 918 and 1392
Copied model of cities
Studied Confucianism
Refined porcelain manufacture

17. Vietnam Fertile Red River Valley
Adapted elements of Chinese civilization but maintained distinct identity.
Attended Chinese schools and studied Confucian classics
Adapted Chinese agricultural techniques that helped increase production leading to larger population.

18. Vietnam China could not assimilate the Vietnamese because
A. Chinese culture did not spread to the peasants
B. Vietnamese women had more freedom and influence in their society than Chinese women and they resisted the male-dominated Confucian ideas that came from China.
Independence gained in 939
Vietnamese ruled used Chinese style bureaucracy that used Confucian examinations

19. Chapter 15 - Mongols Nomadic people from Central Asia
Controlled Asia, Middle East and Eastern Europe
Basic unit of social organization the tribe
Men were dominant and held all leadership positions
Women had rights of inheritance and to address the leadership councils

20. Chinggis Khan
Temujin
His father was assassinated and at a young age he was in control of his tribe. He was abandoned by many followers and he was captured by a rival tribe, eventually sold as a slave to an elite of the Xi Xia kingdom of Northern China.
His first campaigns were against the northern Chinese Kingdoms

21. Mongol Empire Capital at Karakorum
Religion animistic but allowed conquered people the freedom to practice their religions
Mongol script devised for record keeping
Legal code enforced throughout the empire
Period of peace – Pax Mongolica
Trade and commerce prosper

22. The Golden Horde
13th century Batu, grandson of Chinggis Khan captures Russia
Russia is made up of many kingdoms around trading cities at that time
Russian princes refused to unite against their common enemy and were conquered individually
Russia ruled by Mongols for 240 years
Peasants led to serfdom in exchange for protection
City of Moscow grew in wealth and power
Mongol example influenced later Russian military and political organization.
Russia was kept apart from Western European influences

23. Mongols attack Islam Hulegu – grandson of Chinggis Khan
Destroyed Baghdad in 1258 ending the Abbasid dynasty
This devastated the Islamic civilization
Their progress stopped by the Mamluks of Egypt

24. Mongols in China ~ ~1400
Kubilai Khan – grandson of Chinggis Khan captured China mid 13th century (against the Song)
Renamed Yuan dynasty
Maintained distinctions between Mongols and Chinese
Did not hold civil service exams
Mongol women did not take on Chinese women’s status, refused foot binding and maintained the right to hold property

25. Mongols in China
Arts, scholarship, and knowledge were favored, all religions were tolerated and visitors allowed in – Marco Polo visited
Mongols never accepted by the majority of the population and the scholar-gentry
Mongol rule weakened in Kubilai’s later years
Failed military campaigns against Japan were detrimental to Mongol rule
Replaced by the Ming Dynasty in 1350s

26. Effects of Mongol conquests
Civilizations destroyed
Caused huge population movements
Caused cultural and economic exchanges
Spread of deadly diseases – The Black Plague moved across Asia by the Mongols and into Europe

27. Turkic Nomads Leader Timur-I Lang
From his base in Samarkand he captured areas from Persia, to the Fertile Crescent, India and Southern Russia
Barbaric destruction without the benefits of Mongol rule – peace never achieved
His empire fell apart at his death