1. Urinalysis: Core Curriculum 2008
Giovanni B. Fogazzi, MD, Simona Verdesca, MD, Giuseppe Garigali, ScD 
American Journal of Kidney Diseases 
Volume 51, Issue 6, Pages (June 2008)
DOI: /j.ajkd
Copyright © 2008 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
(A) Isomorphic erythrocytes, some with a “crenated” appearance (arrows); (B) different types of dysmorphic erythrocytes; (C) acanthocytes or G1 cells with their typical shape (arrows); and (D) proximal renal tubular cells with round shape, large nucleus, and granular cytoplasm.
American Journal of Kidney Diseases  , DOI: ( /j.ajkd )
Copyright © 2008 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
(A) “Oval fat bodies” or macrophages packed with lipid droplets. (B) The same particles seen by polarized light. Note the Maltese crosses with symmetrical arms.
American Journal of Kidney Diseases  , DOI: ( /j.ajkd )
Copyright © 2008 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
(A) A finely granular cast; (B) a waxy cast with the typical “melted wax” appearance, irregular edges, and high refractive index; (C) an erythrocyte cast; and (D) a renal tubular epithelial cell (RTEC) cast with RTECs easily identifiable because of their large nucleus.
American Journal of Kidney Diseases  , DOI: ( /j.ajkd )
Copyright © 2008 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
(A) A cholesterol crystal made up of plates heaped 1 upon another. Note the clear-cut edges and corners. (B) Cystine crystals heaped 1 upon another. Note the irregular hexagonal shape. (C) Birefringent star-like crystals of ciprofloxacin. (D) Amoxicillin crystals appearing as needles, shocks of wheat, and “broom bush,” all strongly birefringent under polarized light.
American Journal of Kidney Diseases  , DOI: ( /j.ajkd )
Copyright © 2008 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions