1. Chapter 5 - Heredity

2. Section 1: Mendel and His Peas
Chapter 5
Heredity
Section 1: Mendel and His Peas
Section 2: Traits and Inheritance
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3. Describe the experiments of Gregor Mendel.
Section 1
Mendel and His Peas
Objectives
Explain the relationship between traits and heredity.
Describe the experiments of Gregor Mendel.
Explain the difference between dominant and recessive traits.
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4. Mendel and His Peas Do Now Section 1
You have probably noticed that different people have different characteristics, such as eye color, hair color, or whether or not their earl lobes attach directly to their head or hang down loosely. These characteristics are called traits. The traits listed above are physical but animals have behavioral traits as well. Examples include the way cats lick themselves to clean their fur, or the way many birds fly south for the winter. Where do you think people and animals get these different traits? How do you think they are passed from one generation to the next?
Write your answers in your science journal.
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5. Heredity: the passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring
Section 1
Mendel and His Peas
What is heredity?
Heredity: the passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring
Who Was Gregor Mendel?
Scientific Monk
Gregor Mendel was born in 1822 in Heinzendorf, Austria.
When he was 21 years old, Mendel entered a monastery. The monks taught science and performed many scientific experiments.
Sent to Vienna to study teaching. Had trouble passing tests in school even though he did well in school.
Returned to the monastery to research
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6. Section 1
Mendel and His Peas
Unraveling the Mystery
Mendel knew that traits show up in some generations and not in others and then showed up in the following generation. He wanted to figure out why.
Self-Pollinating Peas: From working with plants, Mendel knew that the patterns of inheritance were not always clear. Mendel decided to do research with peas that pollinate themselves.
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7. Self-Pollinating Peas
Self-pollinating plants have both male and female reproductive structures.
Pollen from one flower can fertilize the ovule of another flower on the same plant.

8. Structures in Flowers

9. Unraveling the Mystery
Section 1
Mendel and His Peas
Unraveling the Mystery
Mix and Match Mendel was careful to use plants that were true breeding for each of the traits he was studying. By doing so, he would know what to expect if his plants were to self-pollinate.
When a true-breeding plant self pollinates, all of its offspring will have the same traits as the parent.
In cross-pollination, pollen from one plant fertilizes the ovule of a flower on a different plant by insects, wind and birds.
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10. Characteristics: Mendel studied only one pea characteristic at a time.
Section 1
Mendel and His Peas
Characteristics: Mendel studied only one pea characteristic at a time.
characteristic: is a feature that has different forms in a population.
Hair color is a characteristic however the specific colors such as red, brown, black or blonde are traits.
Mendel’s First Experiment
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Crossing Pea Plants In his first experiments, Mendel crossed pea plants to study seven different characteristics. He used true-breeding plants. He crossed purple flowered plants with white ones.

11. Mendel’s Peas

12. Discovery of Dominant and Recessive Traits
The offspring are called first generation plants.
Dominant trait: the trait that showed up, the trait observed in the first generation when parents that have different traits are bred
Recessive Trait: The other trait that seemed to disappear, trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first generation when parents with different traits are bred.

13. Mendel’s First Experiments
Mendel got similar results for each cross. One trait was always present in the first generation, and the other trait seemed to disappear.

14. Mendel’s Second Experiments
He allowed the first generation plants to self-pollinate.
The recessive trait for white flowers reappeared in the second generation.

15. Mendel’s Second Experiment
Section 1
Mendel and His Peas
Mendel’s Second Experiment
Ratios in Mendel’s Experiment The recessive trait did not show up as often as the dominant trait. Mendel decided to figure out the ratio of dominant traits to recessive traits.
A ratio is: a relationship between two different numbers that is often expressed as a fraction.
Gregor Mendel—Gone But Not Forgotten Mendel realized that his results could be explained only if each plant had two sets of instructions for each characteristic.
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16. What are the ratios for his research?
2.99:1
What are the ratios for his research?
2.96:1
2.82:1
2.95:1
3.14:1
2.84:1

17. Mendel’s Experiment

18. Record your answers in your science journal.
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
Do Now
If you flip a coin, what are the chances that it will land on heads? tails? Suppose that you flipped the coin and got heads. What are the chances that you will get heads again? What are the chances you will get heads five times in a row? 10 times? 50 times?
Record your answers in your science journal.
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19. Traits and Inheritance
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
Objectives
Explain how genes and alleles are related to genotype and phenotype.
Use the information in a Punnett square.
Explain how probability can be used to predict possible genotypes in offspring.
Describe three exceptions to Mendel’s observations.
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20. A Great Idea Traits and Inheritance
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
A Great Idea
Mendel knew there must be two sets of instructions for a characteristic.
Genes are inherited instructions. Each parent gives one set of genes to the offspring.
Alleles: the different forms of a gene.
Dominant alleles are represented with a capital letter, ex. P or R.
Recessive alleles are represented by a lowercase letter such as p or r.
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21. Phenotype - An organism’s physical appearance
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
A Great Idea
Phenotype - An organism’s physical appearance
Genotype - Both inherited alleles together, the genetic makeup, the genes
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22. Genotype
Homozygous – the alleles for the trait are either both dominant or both recessive and represented by either two uppercase letters or two lowercase. Ex. TT or tt.
Heterozygous – the alleles for the trait are both different being one dominant and one recessive and is represented by one uppercase letter and one lowercase letter. Ex. Tt

23. Punnett Squares
Punnett square : is used to organize all the possible combinations of offspring from particular parents, a tool used to predict results in genetics.
Punnett squares can be used to verify Mendel’s findings.

24. Mendel’s Second Experiment
Section 2
Punnett Squares
Mendel’s Second Experiment
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Mendel’s First Experiment

25. Probability: the mathematical chance that something will happen.
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
What Are the Chances?
Probability: the mathematical chance that something will happen.
Calculating Probability To find the probability that you will toss two heads in a row, multiply the probability of tossing the first head (1/2) by the probability of tossing the second head (1/2).
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26. Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
What Are the Chances?
Genotype Probability To have white flowers, a pea plant must receive a p allele from each parent. Each offspring of a Pp Pp cross has a 50% chance of receiving either allele from either parent. So, the probability of inheriting two p alleles is 1/2 x 1/2, which equals 1/4,or 25%.
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27. Traits and Inheritance
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
More About Traits
Incomplete Dominance - sometimes one trait is not completely dominant over another.
These traits do not blend together but each allele shows up to its own degree. This is known as incomplete dominance.
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28. Traits and Inheritance
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
More About Traits
One Gene, Many Traits - Sometimes one gene influences more than one trait. The tiger below has white fur that is caused by one gene that also controls its eye color.
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29. Traits and Inheritance
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
More About Traits
Many Genes, One Trait Some traits, such as the color of your skin, hair, and eyes, are the result of several genes acting together.
Multiple alleles – a trait that is controlled by more than two alleles such as blood type.
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30. Traits and Inheritance
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
More About Traits
Polygenic inheritance occurs when a group of gene pairs acts together to produce a single trait. Ex. The shades of eye color and your fingerprints.
The Importance of Environment Your environment influences how you grow provided you have a healthy diet.
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31. Chapter 5
Concept Map
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32. Chapter 5
Concept Map
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33. What You Need to Know 50 questions 16 multiple choice 13 matching
Terms to know
Homologous chromosome
Cross-pollinate
Self-pollinate
True-breeding
Ratios
Dominant and recessive
Alleles
Genes
Phenotype
Genotype
Incomplete dominance
Punnett square
Probability
Sex cells
Pedigree
Trait
50 questions
16 multiple choice
13 matching
4 short answer
2 punnett squares with questions on each
Interpreting a pedigree