1. Convergent and Divergent Evolution
Notes on notes:
Listen to what I have to say first then copy it down.
You don’t have to write anything in red.

2. What is Divergent evolution?
Questions
What is Divergent evolution?
What is the evidence for divergent evolution?
What is convergent evolution?
What is the evidence for convergent evolution?

3. Divergent evolution
When species with a common ancestor evolve into very different forms. This is often what we imagine when we think about evolution.
Evidence: homologous structures –structures that evolved from a common structure. May have the same components but different a function and or structure.

4. Homologous limb bones

5. Convergent Evolution
When two very remotely related* species develop very similar forms independently.
Bits of anatomy that strongly resemble structures from another species are called analogous structures.
Analogous structures tend to be superficially alike but constructed differently e.g. insect wings and bird wings.
This is as opposed to homologous structures that are constructed from the same components but look different.
*Remember all species are somewhat related

6. The relationship between insect wings and bird wings is analogous
The relationship between different bird wings is homologous

7. Question: Are these homologous or analogous?
Pterodactyl (a reptile)
Bird
Bat (a mammal)
How is this for irony, the above picture is taken from Harun Yahya which is an anti-evolution website!

8. The answer is: both
As forelimbs they are homologous as they evolved from the same components
As flight structures they are analogous since they evolved independently to solve a similar problem.
The line between analogous and homologous can be blurred. This is a reflections of the fact that every living thing is related if you go back far enough.

9. Convergent Evolution  Ichthyosaurus (a reptile) Ichthyosaurus
Swordfish (a fish…duh) 
^ Dolphin (a mammal)

11. Why converge?
To fill similar ecological niches and hence solve similar problems.
Limited niches are available – either fill the one available or become extinct
Only a few “engineering” solutions are suitable to fill a niche.

12. Discussion question Is evolution all about chance?
How do analogous and homologous structures helps us answer this question?