1. Neuropeptide-Gated Perception of Appetitive Olfactory Inputs in Drosophila Larvae 
Yonghua Wang, Yuhan Pu, Ping Shen 
Cell Reports 
Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages (March 2013)
DOI: /j.celrep
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2. Cell Reports 2013 3, 820-830DOI: (10.1016/j.celrep.2013.02.003)
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3. Figure 1 A Behavioral Paradigm for Appetitive Odor-Induced Feeding
Wild-type larvae used in this and the following figures were young third-instar w1118 larvae (74 hr AEL).
(A) Larvae were prefed in yeast paste on an apple juice agar plate. After PA exposure (15 ppm), larvae were rinsed with a copious amount of water and transferred to 10% glucose agar paste (liquid food) for the feeding test (see Experimental Procedures for details). Unless indicated otherwise, behavioral phenotypes were quantified under blind conditions, and statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by a Dunn’s test in all figures. ∗∗p <
(B) Larvae were exposed to PA during the final 5 min prefeeding. A time delay of up to 22 min was introduced between PA stimulation and the feeding assay by withholding the larvae in yeast paste. ∗p < 0.01; ∗∗p <
(C) Larvae fasted for up to 2.5 hr in water. Larvae were exposed to PA during the final 5 min of fasting before testing their feeding response to 10% glucose agar block (solid food). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences. p <
(D) Larvae continued to display feeding activity in liquid media low in or free of sugar immediately after their removal from palatable food and rinsing. PA stimulation elicited feeding responses to liquid food containing ≥1% glucose. ∗∗p < NS, no significance.
(E) Stimulating effects of PA on larvae that fasted for up to 2.5 hr. ∗∗p <
(F) A group of 20 third-instar larvae (74 hr AEL) were allowed to feed in dyed liquid food for 2 min. The amount of ingested food increased after PA stimulation or food deprivation. n = 10 trials for each data point. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences. p < 0.01.
See also Figure S1.
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4. Figure 2
Requirement of Sensory and Processing Neurons in Olfactory Reward-Driven Feeding
(A) PA stimulation increased feeding activity in wild-type and heterozygous but not homozygous or83b1mutants.
(B) Larvae were incubated for 10 min at the restrictive temperature of 31°C, either before (middle panel) or after (right panel) PA stimulation. At the permissive temperature of 23°C, Or83b-Gal4/UAS- shits1 larvae were normal in PA-stimulated feeding response (Figure S2D).
(C) At 31°C, expression of UAS- shits1 in GH146-Gal4, but not OK107-Gal4, neurons attenuated PA-stimulated feeding activity in fed larvae (Figure S2E).
Different letters indicate statistically significant differences; p < 0.01.
Cell Reports 2013 3, DOI: ( /j.celrep )
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5. Figure 3
Olfactory Reward-Driven Feeding Requires the NPF/NPFR1 and DA/DopR Pathways
(A) NPF-Gal4/UAS- kir2.1 larvae failed to show PA-stimulated feeding response.
(B) Expression of npfr1RNAi by elav-Gal4 or NPFR1-Gal4 attenuated PA-stimulated feeding response.
(C) The PA-stimulated feeding response of NPFR1-Gal4/UAS- npfr1RNAi/Th-Gal80 larvae was restored to the normal level.
(D) Th-Gal4 is broadly expressed in DA neurons. Expression of npfr1RNAi by Th-Gal4 attenuated the PA-stimulated feeding response, which can be rescued by feeding L-dopa, the dopamine precursor, to the fed experimental larvae.
(E) Feeding wild-type larvae 3IY, an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, attenuated the PA stimulatory effect (Figure S3D). A loss-of-function mutation (DopRf02676) of the D1-like receptor gene attenuated the PA-stimulated feeding increase (Figure S3E).
(F) Incubation of Th-Gal4 /UAS-shits1 larvae at 31°C blocked PA stimulated feeding increase. Introduction of Th-Gal80, which inhibits Th-Gal4 activity, restored the PA effect (Figure S3F).
Different letters indicate statistically significant differences; p < 0.01.
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6. Figure 4
Functional and Anatomical Analyses of DA Neurons in the Larval Central Nervous System
(A) Targeted lesions in selected DA neurons of living second-instar Th-Gal4/UAS-nlsGFP larvae were induced using the laser beam. After recovery, PA-stimulated feeding responses of fed third-instar larvae (74 hr AEL) were quantified. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences; p < 0.01.
(B) Immunofluoresce of anti-TH in DL2, DL1, and DM neurons. DL2 neurons are marked by dotted squares and named from 1 to 6 by their soma positions (Movies S2 and S3). Scale bar, 20 μm.
(C) Immunofluorescence of anti-TH in DL2, DL1, and DM neurons (red) and GFP in GH146-Gal4 neurons (green). The overlapping fluorescence (yellow) in the lateral horn (LH, dotted ellipses) region suggested the presence of synaptic connections (also see Movie S3). The antenna lobe (AL) is marked by dotted circles. Scale bar, 20 μm.
(D and E) Synaptic connections between GH146-LexA and Th-Gal4 neurons in the LH region are shown using GRASP technique. Immunofluorescence of split GFP is green and anti-TH is red. The LH is marked by dotted ellipses. Genotype: GH146-LexA; Th-Gal4/ UAS-mCD4::spGFP1-10; LexAop-mCD4::spGFP11. Scale bar, 20 μm.
See also Figures S4, S5A, and S5B.
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7. Figure 5
Activation of a Subset of DA Neurons is Sufficient to Mimic PA Stimulation
(A–C) The effects of stimulating one or two defined DA neurons on the PA-induced feeding response were analyzed using the FLP-Gal80 technique. Examples of the processes of four DA neurons (DL2-1 to DL2-4; named as DL2-LH) show restricted distribution to the LH region. (A) An example of the projection of two DL2-LH neurons (DL2-LH1 and DL2-LH2) (see Movie S4). (B) An example of the projection of two DL2-LH neurons (DL2-LH2 and DL2-LH3) (see Movie S5). (C) An example of the projection of one DL2-LH neurons (DL2-LH4) (see Movie S6). Scale bars, 20 μm.
(D) An example of the projection of two other DL2 neurons (DL2-5/6). (See Movie S7.)
(E) Quantification of feeding activities of fed larvae (hsFLP;;Th-Gal4,UAS-mCD8-GFP/UAS-dTrpA1; tub > Gal80 > ) expressing dTrpA1 in the subset of DA neurons in the absence of PA (see 23°C controls in Figure S5C). Larvae were individually assayed for feeding behavior followed by examining GFP-labeled DA neurons in the brain. DL2-LH: larvae showing one or two DL2 neurons from the four-cell cluster that project ipsilaterally to the LH region. DM and DL1: larvae displaying one or two DM and DL1 neurons, respectively. DM+DL2-LH and DL1+DL2-LH: larvae displaying one or two DM and DL1 neurons, plus one or two DL2-LH neurons. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences. p < 0.01.
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8. Figure 6 Anatomical Analysis of NPF, NPFR1, and DA Neurons in the LH
(A and B) Immunofluorescence of anti-GFP in Th-Gal4 neurons (green) and anti-NPF (red). Lateral view. Arrow: Dorsal lateral NPF neuron. Arrowhead: LH region (also see Movie S8). Scale bar, 20 μm. Genotype: Th-Gal4/UAS-mCD8GFP.
(C–E) Colocalization of NPFR1-Gal4 neurons (green) and DA neurons (red). Arrows indicate the three overlapping neurons. Scale bar, 20 μm. Genotype: NPFR1-Gal4/UAS-mCD8GFP.
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9. Figure 7
The NPF/NPFR1 Pathway Modulates the Activity of DL2-LH Neurons
(A) The four DL2-LH neurons labeled by GCaMP3 in the brain of third-instar Th-Gal4/UAS-GCaMP3 larvae. LH is marked by a dotted circle. Scale bar, 20 μm.
(B) Ca2+ imaging analysis revealed PA-induced fluorescence increases in DL2-LH neurons (ΔF) (see Movie S9). Scale bar, 20 μm.
(C) Quantification of fluorescence changes (ΔF/F) in the soma of DL2-LH neurons with or without expressing NPFR1RNAi, n = 8. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test. ∗p < 0.016; ∗∗p < (Figure S5E).
(D) A working model describing a proposed neural circuit for PA-induced appetitive response. PA excites larval olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), which relay the odor information to projection neurons (PNs). PNs transduce odor representations to the higher-order olfactory center (the lateral horn, LH). Four DA neurons (DL2-LH) that are responsive to PA may form synaptic connections with PNs in the LH region. NPF modulates DL2-LH neuronal activity via its receptor NPFR1. NPFR1 signaling may be required for the reception of olfactory inputs or transmission of DA-coded signal outputs by DL2-LH neurons or both. DL2-LH neurons may directly signal to yet uncharacterized LH-projecting DopR neurons, thereby transforming processed food odor information to appetitive drive.
See also Figure S5D.
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10. Figure S1
Larval Feeding Responses Induced by Hunger or Attractive Odors, Related to Figure 1
(A) Third-instar larvae (74h AEL) were allowed to feed in dyed liquid food (1% FD&C Blue NO.1, Sigma) for 2 min. The increased mouth hook contraction rates and intake of dyed food of odor-stimulated larvae or food-deprived larvae are positively correlated. N = 10 trials for each data point.
(B) Third-instar larvae were exposed to 5 p.p.m of balsamic vinegar (BA) inside a sealed chamber for up to 30 min in a 35 mm mesh covered petri dish containing 100 μl runny yeast paste. Larvae were then removed from the chamber, rinsed with copious amount of water, and transferred to the 10% glucose-containing liquid medium for the feeding assay (also see Methods). ∗∗p < 0.01.
(C) The same as (B), except 20 ppm of hexanol (Hex) was used instead. ∗p < 0.05.
(D) 5.p.p.m of geranyl acetate (GA) was used to stimulate the fed larvae.
(E) Larval locomotion of fed and fasted larvae with or without PA stimulation was quantified (Selcho et al., 2012). ∗∗p < 0.01; NS, no significance.
(F) The rates of body wall contraction of fed and fasted larvae with or without PA stimulation were quantified (Neckameyer, 1996). ∗∗p < 0.01.
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11. Figure S2
The Role of Larval Olfactory and Learning Systems in PA-Stimulated Feeding Response, Related to Figure 2
(A–E) Different letters indicate statistically significant differences. p < (A–C) GH146-Gal4 is expressed in the majority of olfactory projection neurons that innervate the lateral horn (LH) and the calyx of the mushroom body (MB). Immunofluorescence of GFP (green) and anti-FasII (red). AL, antenna lobes; iACT,inner antennocerebral tract. Boxed area in (B) is magnified in (C). Scale bar = 20 μm. (D) Or83b-Gal4 is expressed in most of the olfactory receptor neurons. Expression of UAS-shits1, which encodes a temperature-sensitive, dominant negative form of dynamin, with Or83b-Gal4 had no effect on PA-stimulated feeding response at the permissive temperature of 23°C. (E) OK107-Gal4 is broadly expressed in MB neurons. At 23°C, expression of UAS- shits1 in both GH146-Gal4 and OK107-Gal4 neurons had no effects on PA-stimulated feeding activity in fed larvae.
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12. Figure S3
Role of NPF/NPFR1 and DA Systems in PA-Stimulated Feeding Response, Related to Figure 3
(A–F) Different letters indicate statistically significant differences. p < (A) Expression of UAS- shits1 in NPFR1-Gal4 neurons attenuated the PA-induced feeding increase in fed larvae at 31°C but not 23°C. (B) Overview of UAS-GcaMP3 expression in the CNS of NPFR1-Gal4/ UAS-GcaMP3 larvae. GFP is in green. Scale bar = 20 μm. (C) The same CNS tissue (as in B) co-immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase. GFP is in green and TH in red (Table S1; Movie S1). Scale bar = 20 μm. (D) Larvae pre-fed with 3IY (10mg/ml), an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, for 6 hr showed attenuated PA-induced food response. (E) Expression of UAS-DopRRNAi driven by pan-neural elav-Gal4 attenuated PA-induced food response. (F) Th-Gal4 is broadly expressed in DA neurons. At 23°C, expression of UAS- shits1 in Th-Gal4 neurons had no effects on PA-induced feeding response in fed larvae.
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13. Figure S4
Functional Mapping of DA Neurons Related to PA-stimulated Feeding Response. Related to Figure 4
(A) The CNS of Th-Gal4/UAS-mCD8GFP larvae stained for GFP and endogenous TH. Anti-TH: red; anti-GFP: green. Co-stained neurons are yellow. DM, dorsomedial; DL, Dorsolateral; SOG, subesophageal ganglia; T, thoracic; A; abdominal. Scale bar = 20 μm.
(B–D) Tsh-Gal80 is expressed in the thoracic and abdominal ganglia, restricting Th-Gal4 expression to neurons anteriorly to thoracic segments (Yu et al., 2010). Immuno-fluorescence of GFP (green) and anti-TH (red) in DA neurons. Scale bar = 20 μm.
(E) At 31°C, Th-Gal4/UAS- shits1 fed larvae expressing Tsh-Gal80 remained deficient in PA-stimulated feeding response.
(F) The control experiment for (E) at the permissive temperature of 23°C. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences. p <
(G–I) The magnified view of DL2 neurons of Th-Gal4/UAS-mCD8GFP larvae. Arrow: four lateral horn-projecting DL2 neurons (DL2-LH); arrowhead: two DL2 neurons that do not project to the LH. Anti-GFP is in green and anti-TH in red. Scale bar = 20 μm.
(J and K) Magnified view of the axons (labeled with UAS-nsyt::GFP, green) and dendrites (labeled with UAS-Denmark, red) of DL2-LH neurons at or near the LH region of Th-Gal4/ UAS-nsyt::GFP/ UAS-Denmark larvae (Nicolaï et al., 2010).
(L) Merged image. Scale bar = 20 μm. These findings, together with the data from Figure 4E, suggest that axons from projection neurons and the axons and dendrites of DL2-LH neurons are localized closely in the LH region.
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14. Figure S5
Functional Analysis of DA Neurons, Related to Figures 5 and 7
(A and B) A control experiment demonstrating targeted lesions in selected DA neurons by laser. A, anterior; P, posterior. Four paired clusters of DA neurons (arrows: DL1 neurons, and arrowheads: DL2-LH neurons) are visible in living second-instar larvae before laser treatment (A), but two groups in one brain lobe are missing after the treatment (B). Scale bar = 20 μm.
(C) The control experiment at 23°C for Figure 5E, showing fed larvae (hsFLP;;Th-Gal4,UAS-mCD8-GFP/UAS-dTrpA1; tub > Gal80 > ) expressing dTrpA1 in various subsets of DA neurons in the absence of PA showed no increases of feeding activities. Larvae were individually assayed for feeding behavior followed by examining GFP-labeled DA neurons in the brain. DL2-LH: larval brains showing one or two GFP-positive DL2-LH neurons. DM and DL1: larval brains displaying one or two DM and DL1 neurons, respectively. DM+DL2-LH and DL1+DL2-LH: larval brains displaying one or two DM and DL1 neurons plus one or two DL2-LH neurons. DL2-5/6: larval brains showing one or both of the DL2 neurons that do not project to the LH.
(D) The chemotactic response of Th-Gal4/UAS-npfr1RNAi larvae remained normal (Larkin et al., 2010), suggesting that reduced activity of npfr1 in Th-Gal4 neurons did not affect detection of and locomotor response to PA.
(E) The control imaging experiment for Figure 7C. PA excitation of DL1 neurons in Th-Gal4/UAS-npfr1RNAi/UAS-GCamP3 larvae was normal, as indicated by fluorescence changes (ΔF/F). Student’s t test was used for the statistic analysis.
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