1. Education Quality and quantity of education
Educational gap between between Blacks and Whites
Always been present
Gap is narrowing in recent years

3. Education
There are also a number of qualitative differences in the schooling of African American children
insensitive teachers and unresponsive administrators
poor counseling
overcrowded classes
irrelevant curricula
poor school facilities

4. School Segregation
De jure patterns of segregation - according to policy or law children were assigned to schools on the basis of race
U.S Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas.
De facto educational segregation
Income and residential segregation

5. School Segregation
Tracking - school isolation and internal segregation
Tracking and lower academic standards and achievement
Lower tracks results in lack of college preparedness

6. Higher Education
Over the years there has been an increase in African - American students going to college and graduating
Upward trend to higher education has declined and in part is a function of
decline in educational financial aid
push for higher standards
employment opportunities
negative publicity and a decline in enforcement of affirmative action
racial incidents on college campuses

7. The Economic Picture Income and Poverty
In 2003 the median income of Black households was $29,681 and White non-Hispanic households had a median income of $45,631
Twenty-four percent of Black families live in poverty in comparison to 8% of White non-Hispanic families
The disparity in wealth between Blacks and Whites is greater than for income

8. Employment National unemployment rate is higher for Blacks than Whites
More severe during economic downturns or recessions
Worse for African-Americans between the ages of 16-24
Underemployment-working in a job in which one is over qualified

10. Employment
Factors related to the rate of unemployment among African-Americans
High concentration of African-Americans in depressed central city economies
Increased job competition from other immigrant groups and white middle-class women
Illegal job opportunities

11. Family Life Challenges to Family Stability Female-headed household
Economic status of African-American male has been deteriorating
Extended family and augmented members as a means of emotional, social and physical support

12. Figure 8-3 Children’s Living Arrangements

13. Strengths of African American Families
Robert Hill (1999) - strengths of African American Families
1. Strong kinship bonds
2. Strong work orientation
3. Adaptability of family roles
4. High achievement orientation
5. Strong religious orientation

14. The African American Middle Class
Approximately 29% of African-Americans are middle class or higher
The interaction between race and class
African-American middle class and the African-American community
Prejudice continues

15. Housing Factors that contribute to housing segregation.
1. Personal prejudices
2. Steering by real estate companies
3. Lack of vigorous enforcement of anti-bias legislation
4. Public housing policies and patterns of construction.
5. Bank financial and loan bias
6. Persistence of redlining
7. Zoning laws and residential segregation

16. Criminal Justice
Victimization surveys: African-Americans are more likely to be victims of violent crime and property crime
Differential justice
police protection
racial profiling
sentencing
victim discounting

17. Health Care High rates of disease
In part function of class and less access to health care resources
Fewer Black health care professionals
Environmental racism: more likely to live in toxic environments

18. Politics
The number of Black elected officials between 1970 and 2001 has increased by more than five-fold
Population concentration and election patterns
Gerrymandering the courts and minority controlled political districts