1. How Plants Came to Be Our best model so far…

2. Condensed Time Line 4.5 Billion years ago – Spherical Earth 4 Billion y.a. – Building blocks of life 3.5 Billion y.a – First Life –Used CO 2, light and thermal-chemical vents 3 Billion y.a. – Oxygen Poisoning 2 Billion y.a. – Life adapts to Oxygen 1.5 Billion y.a. – Eukaryotic Cells 1 Billion y.a. – Cells live in colonies

3. Contd Time Line 700 Million y.a. – Multi-celled life 470 Million y.a. – First land plants (cuticle) 450 Million y.a. – Lichen 350 Million y.a. – Ferns (stem) 300 Million y.a. – Seed Plants 250 Million y.a. – Flowering Plants, insect colonies and mammals 50 Million y.a. – Grasses

4. General Plant Evolution 4.5 Billion years ago – Spherical Earth 4 Billion y.a. – Building block of life 3.5 Billion y.a – First Life –Used CO 2, light and thermal-chemical vents 3 Billion y.a. – Oxygen Poisoning 2 Billion y.a. – Life adapts to Oxygen 1.5 Billion y.a. – Eukaryotic Cells 1 Billion y.a. – Cells live in colonies 700 Million y.a. – Multi-celled life 470 Million y.a. – First land plants (cuticles) 450 Million y.a. – Lichen 350 Million y.a. – Ferns (stems) 300 Million y.a. – Seed Plants 250 Million y.a. – Flowering Plants, insect colonies and mammals 50 Million y.a. – Grasses

6. Plant List 1 Assigned 9/5/08 Quiz on 9/14/08 (8 plants this week)

7. Has Chlorophyll: Uses Light and CO 2 to make sugar Algae Lichen Has a waxy cuticle to hold in water No cuticle Lives in water Lives with Fungi to keep it from drying out Mosses Liverwort Hornwort No stem – has to transport water from cell to cell Stem with tubes and vessels for transport Ferns, Club Mosses, Horsetails (And more advanced plants)

8. Lichen species Algae species that lives with a fungus species Dry & crunchy, can be flat or wispy Grows on surfaces (bark or rocks) Can be many colors

11. Moss species Very small Fuzzy green tufts (Sometimes have stalks)

14. Liverwort species Very small Flattened tongue or liver lobe (Sometimes has stalks or cups on surface)

17. Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) Classic fern Frond/leaves over 1 foot long Complex leaf from base of plant

20. Spiny Cliff Brake (Pellaea logimucronata) Small desert fern (less than 15 inches) Dark stems with hard, pointed leaflets –Often second stem at a 90º angle Compound leaf from base of plant

23. Star Cloak Fern (Notholaena standleyi) Small desert fern (less than 10 inches) Five-sided star frond, lobed edges Compound leaf from base of plant

26. Wavy Cloak Fern (Notholaena sinuats) Medium desert fern (less than 20 inches) Oval leaflets with wavy edges Compound leaf from base of plant

29. Resurrection Plant (Selaginella lepidophylla) Appears like a big moss plant (club moss) Branches (moss do not) Can dry brown but turns green when watered

33. Plant List 1 Lichen spp. Moss spp. Liverwort spp. Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) Spiny Cliff Brake (Pellaea logimucronata) Star Cloak Fern (Notholaena standleyi) Wavy Cloak Fern (Notholaena sinuats) Resurrection Plant (Selaginella lepidophylla)

34. Plant List 2 Assigned 10/2/09 Quiz on 10/9/09 (6 plants this week)

35. Has Chlorophyll: Uses Light and CO 2 to make sugar Algae Lichen Has a waxy cuticle to hold in water No cuticle Lives in water Lives with Fungi to keep it from drying out Mosses Liverwort Hornwort No stem – has to transport water from cell to cell Stem with tubes and vessels for transport Ferns, Club Mosses, Horsetails (And more advanced plants)

36. Has Chlorophyll: Uses Light and CO 2 to make sugar Algae Lichen Has a waxy cuticle to hold in water No cuticle Lives in water Lives with Fungi to keep it from drying out Mosses Liverwort Hornwort No stem – has to transport water from cell to cell Stem with tubes and vessels for transport Horsetail Club Mosses (Resurrection Plant) Ferns (Star Cloak, Wavy Cloak, Spiny Cliff Brake) Makes spores Makes seeds Angiosperm (Fruit and Flower Plants) Gymnosperm (Naked Seed Plants = Pine, Fir, Juniper, Ephedra, Cycads…)

37. Horsetail (Equisetum spp.) Single green stem Several jagged pseudo leaves at joint Structure at the tip that releases spores

40. Ephedra (Ephedra trifurca) Bush made up of branching green sticks Three dried, pointed leaves at each joint 8mm cones on female plant, pollen on male

43. Alligator Juniper (Juniperus deppeana) Grey bark with square scales like alligator skin Tiny scale leaves that overlap Bluish-purple berries

46. Yellow/Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) Needle-like leaves –In bunches of 3 to 5 –Between 5-9 inches long Brown bark –Flakes puzzle pieces –Smells like vanilla Cone under 3 inches

49. Pinyon Pine (Pinus edulis) Rough grey or black bark Curved needle-like leaves –In bunches of 2 –About 1.5 inches long Cones 2-3 inches

52. Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Brown rough bark Needle-like leaves –Single (all firs & spruce have single needles) –1-1.5 inches long Cones –Have a wing between the scales –3 inches long

55. Plant List 2 Horsetail (Equisetum spp.) Ephedra (Ephedra trifurca) Alligator Juniper (Juniperus deppeana) Yellow/Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) Pinyon Pine (Pinus edulis) Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

56. Plant List 3 Assigned 1/25/08 Quiz on 2/1/08 (7 plants this week) ALL in the CACTUS Family

57. Has Chlorophyll: Uses Light and CO 2 to make sugar Algae Lichen Has a waxy cuticle to hold in water No cuticle Lives in water Lives with Fungi to keep it from drying out Mosses Liverwort Hornwort No stem – has to transport water from cell to cell Stem with tubes and vessels for transport Horsetail Club Mosses (Resurrection Plant) Ferns (Star Cloak, Wavy Cloak, Spiny Cliff Brake) Makes spores Makes seeds Angiosperm (Cactus…) Gymnosperm (Pine, Fir, Juniper, Ephedra…) Naked Seed Fruit and Flower

58. Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) Tall column (over 8 ft when mature), with branching arms Straight white spines on ribs White flowers with red fruit

61. Chain-fruit Cholla (Opuntia fulgida) Green tubular segmented cactus Straight yellow-white spines Green fruit grow linked together –NOTE: Does not jump but segments break off (and stick to you) with a slight touch

64. Staghorn Cholla (Opuntia versicolor) Tubular segmented cactus Spines are sparse, short, & straight Varies in color, often have purple on stems Flowers and fruit vary (white, yellow orange, red, purple)

67. Prickly Pear, Engelmanns (Opuntia engelmannii) Segmented cactus with oval, flat pads White spines with yellow mini-spines –Glochids are what hurt and break off in skin Yellow flowers, deep red fruit

70. Fishhook Barrel (Ferocactus wislizeni) Short ribbed column (no arms) One ribbed hooked spine (pink) and many straight spines (white) per spot Yellow fruit and red/pink flowers

73. Hedgehog Cactus (Echinocereus riglochidiatus) Small column cactus (under 15 inches) Straight white or yellow spines Grows in clusters

76. Mammallaria (Mammillaria grahamii) Small column or ball (under 6 inches) One tiny hooked spine (red) and A LOT of tiny straight spines (white) per spot Small bright red fruit

79. Plant List 3 Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) Chain-fruit Cholla (Opuntia fulgida) Staghorn Cholla (Opuntia versicolor) Prickly Pear, Engelmanns (Opuntia engelmannii) Fishhook Barrel (Ferocactus wislizeni) Hedgehog Cactus (Echinocereus riglochidiatus) Mammallaria (Mammillaria grahamii)