1. The Crusades

2. 1. What are they and why did the happen?
What is a crusade?
It is a series of religious wars launched by European Christians
Why did they happen?
European Christians’ goal was to take back Jerusalem and the area around it called the Holy Land
It was under the control of the Muslims
Jerusalem and the area around it, were considered holy to Christians, Jews and Muslims

3. 2. Launching the Crusades
Council of Clermont
Called by Pope Urban II
Purpose of the meeting was to address the Byzantine emperor’s request for help against the Turks
Urban called on all Christian warriors to put aside their differences and fight against the Turks

4. 3. Fighting the Crusades The First Crusade Set out in 1096
Made up of two groups
The Peasants
Were unskilled
While they were passing through Germany some attacked Jewish communities
Those who made it to Jerusalem quickly fell to the Seljuk Turks

6. 2. Trained Knights Were unprepared for the hardships of their journey
Will resort to looting towns and farms to get supplies when food and water ran low
Took 3 years to reach the Holy Land
Recaptured Jerusalem
Created 4 states in the Holy Land
Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, and Tripoli were the capitals of these four states
They were intended to be Christian strongholds

8. b. Second Crusade 1144, Muslims recaptured Edessa
European leaders will call for a second crusade in response to this
It was a failure

9. c. Third Crusade Saladin New leader of the Muslims
Will drive the Crusaders out of Jerusalem

10. ii. Loss of Jerusalem starts the Third Crusade
Known as the Kings Crusade
Richard the Lion-hearted was the only king to fight in the Holy Land
Had respect for Saladin
He won several battles against the Muslims; was unable to drive them out of the Holy Land or retake Jerusalem

11. d. Fourth and later Crusades
Fourth Crusade began in 1201
Crusaders could not pay the Venetians for transport
Agreed to attack the city of Zara, which had once belong to the Venetians, as payment
The city was held by the Christian king of Hungary
Pope will excommunicate the crusaders for their actions
Crusaders will continue to the Holy Land; on the way the attack Constantinople
Disorganization and a lack of strong leadership made the Fourth Crusade a failure

12. ii. There were five more crusades that followed after the Fourth, none were successful iii. By 1291, Muslims had driven the Christians out of the Holy Land

13. 4. Effects of the Crusades
Economic Changes
The Crusaders enhanced existing trade
Increase in trade added to the changing European economy of the Middle Ages

14. b. Political Changes Kings will take control of unoccupied land
Will give kings more power

15. c. Social Changes Brought knowledge of Muslim culture to Europe
Christians who participated in crusades came to respect other cultures; those who did not became more intolerant
Many Europeans began to view all non-Christians as enemies