1. ** Major minerals:

2. @ calcium : 10- 30 % of ca in diet is absorbed
-absorption of ca take place in small intestine especially in acidic media of duodenum
-** factors increasing ca absorption :
1- vit D hormone :
- consider as control agent of ca absorption
- vit D carry ca in the duodenum to mucosa of cell then to blood circulation

3. 2- body need :
-growth
-state of hypocalcaemia
-pregnancy
-lactation
More ca is absorbed

5. 3-diatery protein & CHO :
- greater percentage of ca is absorbed when the diet is high in protein
-lactose enhances ca absorption through the action of lactobacilli which produce lactic acid & lower intestinal pH
4- acidity :
- acidic media of intestine enhance ca absorption

6. ** factors decreasing ca absorption :
vit D deficiency
dietary fat : excess fat decrease ca absorption
fiber & other binding agent
alkalinity : decrease ca absorption in alkaline media
N.B : in elderly person & post menopausal women the ability to absorb ca is reduced

7. ** ca output :
70-90 % of ca remains to be eliminated in the feces,small amount of ca may be excreted in the urine
- daily requirement of ca 200mg \ day
** ca in the bone :
99% of ca storage in bone & teeth
** ca in the blood :
1% of ca circulate in the blood & other body fluid

8. **control agent of ca balance :
parathyroid hormone :
-release PTH to maintain normal level of ca
-stimulate intestinal mucosa for ca absorption
-stimulate kidney to excrete phosphorous
2- vit D hormone .
3-calcitonin : special C cell in the thyroid gland ,it prevent abnormal rise in serum ca

9. ** functions of ca :
bone formation
tooth formation
general metabolic function
blood clotting
nerve stimulation
muscle contraction & relaxation
cell membrane permeability
enzyme activation

10. ** clinical problems :
tetany : decrease ca
rickets
osteomalachia
osteoporosis
hypercalcemia ,renal stone
food source of ca : milk ,cheese egg ,green vegetables , nut ,grains

11. ** phosphorous :
1% of total body weight
closely associated with ca ,called metabolic twin
absorbed in the jejunum
ph found in bone ,blood ,& cells
ph under control of PTH& vit D

13. ** physiological function of ph :
bone & tooth formation
general metabolic activity
absorption of glucose & glycerol
transport of fatty acid ,phospholipids
energy metabolism ( ATP)
buffer system [ control acid –base balance in the blood

14. ** hypophosphatemia : celiac disease rickets osteomalachia
hyperparathyroidism
symptom include muscle weakness

15. ** hyperphosphatemia :
Renal disease
Hypoparathyrodism
food source : milk & milk product ,lean meat

16. *sodium :
-absorbed through small intestine
-excreted through kidney under effect of aldestrone hormone
** physiological function of Na :
water balance .
acid base balance
cell permeability
muscle action
food source : salt used in cooking ,milk ,meat ,egg, carrot

17. ** potassium :
-mainly found inside the cell
-has significant effect on muscle activity especially heart muscle
-absorbed in small intestine
-excreted through kidney

18. ** physiological function of K :
water ,acid base balance
muscle activity
CHO metabolism
Protein synthesis
Food source : grains ,fruit banana orange ,green vegetables

19. **manganese : Mg present in all body cell
-has role in energy production & build tissue
-it also aid in normal muscle action
- found in fruit ,nut ,grain
** chloride :
out side of the cell
help in control water acid –base balance
highest concentration in the spinal fluid
found in HCL hydro choleric acid

20. Trace element ** Iron : 45 mg \ Kg body weight .
Enter information of hemoglobin .
Storage mainly in the liver ,spleen ,& bone marrow .
Excess iron storage called hemosidrosis .
Absorbed in acidic media of the stomach .

21. factors increased absorption of iron :
1- body need : during growth period [ pregnancy ,lactation ,childhood ]
2-acidic media : vit c aid in absorption of iron
3- calcium
*factors decrease iron absorption :
1- substance as phosphate ,tea ,coffee
2- reduce gastric acid secretion
3- infection
4 –GIT disease as malabsorption

22. physiological function of iron :
oxygen transport
cellular oxidation to produce energy .
growth need
** iron deficiency anemia may be :
nutritional anemia ,inadequate supply of iron

23. hemorrhagic anemia ,excessive iron blood loss.
Post gastrectomy anemia
Malabsorption anemia
Chronic disease anemia [ arthritis ]
*source of iron in food : liver ,egg ,vegetables ,cereals ,flour ,bread

24. ** Iodine
-participate in synthesis of thyroxin hormone
- 20% on iodine in thyroid gland
-absorbed in small intestine in form of iodide ,go to blood stream ,join with protein to thyroid gland & other tissue

25. * physiological function of iodine :
1- thyroid hormone synthesis
2- plasma thyroxin : carry iodine in plasma protein to body cell [ muscle ,skin ,skeletal tissue ]
- hypothyroidism : decrease thyroxin hormone , creationism in children ,myexdema in adult .
- goiter is an enlargement of thyroid gland with decrease function .
\\ food source of iodine is sea food

26. ** Zink :
-stored in pancreas , liver ,kidney ,lung ,muscle ,bone , prostate .
* deficiency of Zink lead to :
1- hypogonadism : decrease function of gonads
2-taste & smell defect
3-decrease wound healing
4-chronic illness in aging [ reduce immune function ]
5- malabsorption disease .
- food source : sea food ,meat ,egg .

27. ** Copper :
iron twin
act on energy production
deficiency occur with total parentral nutrition
found in liver ,seafood ,nuts ,seeds

28. ** Manganese : stored in liver ,bone ,pancreas ,pituitary
important in metabolic reaction .
deficiency of manganese in D.M
source : plant food ,cereal ,grains ,nuts ,tea ,coffee , vegetables

29. ** Fluoride :
found in bone & teeth .
deficiency of this substance lead to dental caries .
fish & fish product & tea contain the highest concentration of fluoride .
fluoridation of public water is very important