1. Erythrocyte Disorders
Anemia – blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity
It is a symptom rather than a disease itself
Blood oxygen levels cannot support normal metabolism
Signs/symptoms include fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and chills

3. Anemia: Insufficient Erythrocytes
Hemorrhagic anemia – result of acute or chronic loss of blood
Hemolytic anemia – prematurely ruptured RBCs due to overactive spleen or infection
Aplastic anemia – destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

4. Anemia: Decreased Hemoglobin Content
Iron-deficiency anemia results from:
Inadequate intake of iron-containing foods
Megaloblastic Anemia:
RBCs are abnormally large
Usually results from lack of folic acid or vitamin B12
Pernicious anemia results from:
Deficiency of vitamin B12
Lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption of B12
Intrinsic factor is a gastric juice secretion
Treatment is
intramuscular injection of B12
application of Nascobal

5. Anemia: Abnormal Hemoglobin
Thalassemias – absent or faulty globin chain in Hb
RBCs are thin, delicate, and deficient in Hb
Sickle-cell anemia – results from a defective gene coding for an abnormal Hb called hemoglobin S (HbS)
HbS has a single amino acid substitution in the beta chain
This defect causes RBCs to become sickle-shaped in low oxygen situations

7. Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Used to be called pre-leukemia
Group of bone marrow disorders characterized by:
Insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells
Due to dysfunction of bone marrow

8. Leukocytes Disorders: Leukemias
Leukemia refers to cancerous conditions involving WBCs
Leukemias are named according to the abnormal WBCs involved
Myelocytic leukemia – involves red marrow
Lymphocytic leukemia – involves lymphocytes

9. Leukemia Immature WBCs are found in the bloodstream in all leukemias
Bone marrow becomes totally occupied with cancerous leukocytes
The WBCs produced, though numerous, are not functional
Death is caused by internal hemorrhage and overwhelming infections
Treatments include irradiation, antileukemic drugs, and bone marrow transplants

10. Hemostasis Disorders: Bleeding Disorders
Inability to synthesize procoagulants by the liver results in severe bleeding disorders
Causes can range from vitamin K deficiency to hepatitis and cirrhosis
Inability to absorb fat can lead to vitamin K deficiencies as it is a fat-soluble substance and is absorbed along with fat
Liver disease can also prevent the liver from producing bile, which is required for fat and vitamin K absorption

11. Hemostasis Disorders: Bleeding Disorders
Hemophilias – hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting factors
Hemophilia A – most common type (83% of all cases) due to a deficiency of factor VIII
Hemophilia B – due to a deficiency of factor IX
Hemophilia C – mild type, due to a deficiency of factor XI

12. Hemostasis Disorders: Bleeding Disorders
Symptoms and signs include prolonged bleeding and painful and disabled joints
Treatment is with blood transfusions and the injection of missing factors

13. Synovitis due to hemophilia

14. Hemostasis Disorders
Von Willebrand Disease: shortage of von Willebrand factorplasma component that helps platelets stick to damaged tissue & carries clotting factor VIII.
Hereditary
Easy bruising
Decreased adherence to vascular injury
Inadequate patelet plug lengthens bleeding time

15. Hemostasis Disorders: Bleeding Disorders
Thrombocytopenia – condition where the number of circulating platelets is deficient
Patients show petechiae (red/purple dots on skin) due to spontaneous, widespread hemorrhage
Caused by suppression or destruction of bone marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation)
Can also be drug induced
Treated with whole blood transfusions

17. Hemostasis Disorders
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC): widespread clotting in intact (uninjured) blood vessels
Left over blood cannot clot
Blockage of blood flow and severe bleeding follows
Most common as:
A complication of pregnancy
A result of septicemia or incompatible blood transfusions

18. Hemostasis Disorders: Thromboembolytic Conditions
Thrombus – a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
Thrombi can block circulation, resulting in tissue death
Coronary thrombosis – thrombus in blood vessel of the heart
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)—thrombus attached to wall of deep vein.
Thrombotic Occlusion: blocking of artery by thrombus

19. Hemostasis Disorders: Thromboembolytic Conditions
Embolus – a thrombus or foreign object freely floating in the blood stream
Pulmonary emboli can impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen
Cerebral emboli can cause strokes
Embolism—blockage caused by embolus
Air or fat or blood clot

20. Prevention of Undesirable Clots
Substances used to prevent undesirable clots:
Aspirin – an antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2
Heparin – an anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care; also found naturally in the body
Warfarin (Coumadin) – used for those prone to atrial fibrillation

21. Blood Disorders
Blood dyscrasia: any pathologic condition of cellular elements of the blood
Hemochromatosis (Iron overload disease):
genetic disorder
Instestines absorbs too much iron
Causes damage in organs where iron is accumulated

22. Blood Disorders
Polycythemia: abnormal increase in number of RBCs; red bone marrow excessively producing RBCs
Polycythemia vera: condition developed in people living in high altitudes
Leukocytosis: WBC count is higher than normal. (>10,000 microliters)
Usually due to bacterial infection
Leukopenia: total number of leukocytes is less than normal (<5,000 mcL)
Septicemia: Blood poisoning
Systemic condition caused by spread of microorganisms and their toxins via circulating blood
Thrombocytosis: abnormal increase in number of platelets in circulating blood
Hemorrhage: loss of a large amount of blood in a short time
Transfusion Reaction: complication of blood transfusion in which blood of patient and donor does not match
Coagulation occurs

23. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
Hemolytic disease of the newborn – Rh+ antibodies of a sensitized Rh– mother cross the placenta and attack and destroy the RBCs of an Rh+ baby
Rh– mother becomes sensitized when exposure to Rh+ blood causes her body to synthesize Rh+ antibodies

24. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
The drug RhoGAM can prevent the Rh– mother from becoming sensitized
Treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn involves pre-birth transfusions and exchange transfusions after birth