1. U3C8 Life in the Industrial Age: 1800-1900
World History

3. Main Idea
During the 1700s and 1800s, the Industrial Revolution changed practically everything about the world of work. Many of the changes were technological advances. As the rate of advances increased, many other aspects of daily life besides work were also transformed.

4. Essential Question
What are the far-reaching effects of the Industrial Revolution?

7. 8.1 Advances in Technology: Electric Power- Thomas Edison’s Lightbulb
1831-English chemist Michael Faraday discovered connection between magnetism and electricity leading to the first generator
1879-Edison developed first usable lightbulb
was the result of many hours of trial and error in his Menlo Park, New Jersey laboratory
made generators, light sockets, motors and other electrical devices
built first central electric power plant in New York City

9. Electric Power: Effects
Transformed industry in both U.S. and Europe in 3 important ways:
Factories no longer had to rely on steam engines to power machines
No longer had to depend on waterways to power the steam engines
Production increased with less reliance on sunlight
Question column- How did electric power affect industry and daily life?
In the home, electricity was cheaper and more convenient than candles, gaslights or oil lamps

11. Trains
efficient steam engines led to trains and steamships, while the internal combustion engine led to cars and airplanes
early 1800s, boats on canals and rivers carried heavy loads
1830: world’s first rail line connects Manchester and Liverpool
1840: U.S. had 3,000 miles of RR track in the east
Late 1850s: Bessemer Process improved steel making
1860: 30,000 miles of track linked major American cities, lowering the cost of goods
Question column-What advances in transportation occurred during the industrial age?

13. Steamships 1849: regular U.S. service began, west coast to east
1870: mechanical improvements changed ocean travel making it economically viable

14. The Automobile
1885: Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler developed a 3 wheeled vehicle
1908: Henry Ford began working on affordable cars using mass production to produce the Model T
a year later, a carburetor
1920: the Model T made up 40-50% of U.S. car production

15. The Airplane
December 17, 1903: Wilbur and Orville Wright flew 120 ft. at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
the first powered flight in human history

17. Communication
The Telegraph: invented by Samuel Morse in 1837 with the aid of electricity; invented language known as Morse Code
The Telephone: invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
The Radio and Phonograph: Radio invented by Italian Physicist Guglielmo Marconi in 1895; phonograph by Edison
Question column- What were the advances in communication, and how were they achieved?
first phone call- “Mr. Watson, come here I want to see you.”

19. 8.2 Scientific and Medical Achievements: New Ideas in Science-
Charles Darwin
Developed “Theory of Evolution”: species will evolve with their environment
Differed from creation story in the Bible
Geologist Charles Darwin studied variations among plants and animals, published theories in On the Origin of Species
QC What were some of the new ideas in science?

20. Geologist Charles Darwin studied variations among plants and animals, published theories in On the Origin of Species

21. Dmitri Mendeleyev 1871: Russian chemist arranged the periodic table
even leaving gaps knowing that some elements were yet to be discovered

22. Marie and Pierre Curie
1898: French chemists discovered polonium and radium and concluded that certain elements release energy when they break down (radioactivity)
First woman to teach at the Sorbonne in Paris
Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, Chemistry in 1911
Died from leukemia caused by exposure to radiation

24. Albert Einstein
1905: German-Jewish scientist that revolutionized physics
Overturned theories of Sir Isaac Newton

25. Einstein continued
Developed “special theory of relativity”: no particle of matter can move faster than the speed of light
E=mc2: a small amount of mass can be converted into huge amounts of energy

29. Medical Breakthroughs
1870: Louis Pasteur showed the link between microbes and disease, disproving spontaneous generation
Discovered that bacteria cause fermentation
Pasteurization: the process of heating to high temperatures to destroy bacteria that cause disease
Developed vaccine for anthrax and rabies in 1885

30. Louis Pasteur

31. Improving Medical Care
1842: American surgeon Crawford W. Long- used an anesthetic-first painless operation involving ether
1860s: English surgeon Joseph Lister cleans wounds with an antiseptic containing carbolic acid reducing deaths
Improvements in modern hospitals, more nurse schooling
1900: 5% of American physicians were women
1800: 240 infant deaths per 1000
1898: 91 per 1000
QC what medical breakthroughs affected the quality of life?

32. New Ideas in Social Sciences
Late 1800s: psychology, archaeology, anthropology, and sociology born
1890s: psychology, the study of the mind and human behavior emerged

33. Ivan Pavlov
Studied animals to better understand humans. Concluded that human behavior is similar.
Rang a bell each time he fed dogs, realized dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell
Called it “the conditioned reflex”

34. Sigmund Freud Austrian-Jewish physician
Therapy called “psychoanalysis”
Argued the unconscious part of the mind contains thoughts of which one is unaware

35. Other Social Sciences Archeology: study of the past based on artifacts
Anthropology: study of humanity and human ancestors
Sociology: study of people in groups in their own societies
QC What new ideas developed within the social sciences?

36. 8.3 Daily Life in the 1800s: Cities Grow and Change
Urbanization occurred throughout the 1800s in Europe and the U.S.; more people lived in towns and cities
The Industrial City: people drawn by jobs- Lowell, Mass.-textiles, Chicago-meatpacking, Pittsburgh-steelmaking—the negative aspect was smog, the combination of coal smoke and fog, which killed 268 people in London in 1873

37. Migration to Cities Immigrate: to move to another country to live
Between 1870 and 1900, about 12 million people immigrated to the U.S.
From Ireland, England, Germany, Italy, Russia and China
% of New Yorkers were foreign born
Boston, Chicago, San Francisco

38. The Livable City Improved plumbing-better drinking water
Electricity-stoves, vacuums
1833- first skyscraper in Chicago- 10 stories tall
1863- first subway in London
“Suburbs” were created as cities moved outward, they were cleaner, with public transportation

39. Leisure Activities Causes Effects Higher incomes, more free time
Public transportation to recreational areas
Public funding of cultural activities
Time for sports: soccer, rugby, football, baseball
More people enjoying vacation spots and resorts
More opportunities to hear music, enjoy art

41. Changes in the Arts: Romanticism
Romanticism: literary and artistic development of the early 1800s with an emphasis on intuition and feeling
Love of nature, deep emotions, value of the individual, affection for the past, and the importance of the imagination
Poet William Wordsworth, German composer Ludwig van Beethoven

43. Realism Movement that was a reaction to romanticism
Depicted everyday life, no matter how unpleasant
Charles Dickens: struggles of London’s poor
Leo Tolstoy: War and Peace
Henrik Ibsen: play revealed unfair treatment of women in A Doll’s House

45. Impressionism 1860s French painters: Monet, Renior
Wanted to capture the impression of a scene using light, vivid color, and motion rather than realist details
Named for Monet’s painting Impression, Sunrise