1. The Industrial Revolution
Most people lived in small farming villages– made own clothes & food and lived by candle light – people traveled only as far as their feet or horse could take them
****UNLIKE POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS – NOT SUDDEN OR SWIFT – slow process of goods made by hand tools to machines
*** new sources of power replaced human & animal power

2. Origins
1800’s England
Began on farms after hundreds of years of no change
Inventions made life easier and increased productivity
More food=better diet= increased population
Because of inventions less farmers were needed so people moved to cities
Used fertilizer to renew the soil, combined small farms for better use of land (DUTCH)
BRITISH– mixed soil for better results , crop rotation – Jethro Tull : invented the seed drill (plants seed in straight row not scattered) *** British POP 1700= 5 million by 1800 = 9 million
Farmers began to share ideas for better crops – encouraged by king george Europe POP 120 million to 190 million due to declining death rates--- better diet, sanitation, hygene, overall health

3. Contributing Factors New Technology Factory System
New sources of energy & materials allowed people to change how work was done
Factory System
Concentrates production in one place (materials, labor)
Located near sources of power
Only 10% of English industry in 1850
Sources of energy: HUMAN to COAL, Water,

4. The Factory System Rigid schedule 12-16 hour day Dangerous conditions
Exhausted workers suffered accidents working unsafe machines – could lose finger, limb or even life
** other dangers- coal dust destroyed lungs TEXTILE workers breathed air filled with lint --- if you were sick or injured you lost your job
WOMEN: preferred to men bc they were cheaper, easier to manage – what were problems for women? Taken out of home CHILDREN many times orphans were employed , very few were provided with edu, children were beat
Rigid schedule
12-16 hour day
Dangerous conditions
Monotonous

5. Textile Factory Workers in England

6. Factory Workers at Home

7. Movement of Goods
Steam Engine
Created by Thomas Newcomen

8. Movement of goods Bessemer Process:_________________________
People now need a way to move goods

9. Movement of Goods Creation of canals
Road surfaces made of crushed stone

10. Movement of Goods George Stephenson First steam powered locomotive
R&R did not have to follow the course of the river – tracks could go where river could not
1st major rail line was from London to Manchester (1830)
1870- R&R cross GB,America & Europe
“The Rocket”

11. Later Locomotives

12. Movement of Goods Robert Fulton First steam powered ship engine
“The Clermont”

13. American Inventors Thomas Edison: Phonograph & light bulb
The Wright Brothers:Flew the first airplane (1903)

14. American Inventors
Henry Ford: created a low cost car using the Assembly Line
Beginning of mass production

15. Spread of the Revolution
1850 Europe
Northeast France
Germany
Northern Italy
1860s United States
After ______________________

16. Effects of Industrialization
Population explosion: tripled because of _________________
Caused many problems in cities
1. Over population
2. Poor living conditions
3. No sanitation
Staffordshire, England

17. Protests People began to resist the machines that took their jobs
Smashed & burned machines
Called Luddites
Ned Ludd: destroyed machines in 1780s
Governments answered back
Forbid workers to organize or strike
Weavers and other skilled artisans

18. Protests
Labor Unions
People would eventually win the right to organize
Unions would bargain for:
Better wages
Working hours
Better working conditions
Eventually workers gained their rights- working men were allowed to vote
** wages rose enough for workers to pay rent & have extra cash (buy newspaper, visit concert hall)
* Cost of R&R fell enough for people to travel

19. Effects of Protest Factory Acts: Worker housing in Manchester
No children under ____9_________ & children could only __work 12 hours a day______
No women & children under 10 could work in mines
Worker housing in Manchester

20. Industrialization 1850

21. Homework 1. What caused people to leave agricultural life?
2. Describe daily life of a factory worker. Was this life an improvement over an agricultural lifestyle?
3. Define: Labor Union
4. What groups were aided by the factory acts? And how?
5. What benefits does the middle class gain as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

22. Industrialization & Economics
Laissez-Faire economics
Government should not interfere with the free operation of the economy
Free-market would produce more goods at a lower cost

23. Financial Growth
New technology required investment of large amounts of money
Stocks or shares of a company were sold to acquire money
Each stockholder owned a small part of the company

24. Financial Growth As business grew corporations are formed
Corporation: a business owned by a number of investors
Formed monopolies: huge corporations that controlled an entire industry
IE: Standard Oil Company, John Rockefeller
1870: largest oil refinery in the world --- purchased competing firms to diminish competition – control every aspect of oil– wells, refineries, and oil pipelines
*** to make the most profit they had to destroy the competition ***free to raise prices to any level

25. Socialism
Condemned capitalism – believed it created a gap between the rich & poor
Socialism:
Wanted to create a society for the benefit of all not just the wealthy
People as a whole would benefit rather than private individuals
*early socialists tried to build self sufficient communities all work was shared & all property was owned in common
** no difference between rich & poor—fighting disappears

26. Marxism
1848: Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto
Communism:
A form of socialism that sees class struggle as unavoidable
History was a struggle between the “haves” and “have nots” or proletariat
1840s – German philospher **the proletariat would be victorious and then would control the means of production & set up a classless society – it would mark the end of society --- wealth & power would be shared
** despised capitalism