1. TRANS
On June 20, 2007, the Minister of Health announced that Health Canada adopted the recommendations of the Trans Fat Task Force
Limit the trans fat content of vegetable oils and soft, spreadable margarines to 2% of the total fat content; and limit the trans fat content for all other foods to 5% of the total fat content, including ingredients sold to restaurants.
WHO < 1 % of total caloric intake

2. Lecture 3a 24 Jan 2011
LIFE CYCLE NUTRITION
PRE-PRE-NATAL
PRE-NATAL
PERINATAL
INFANT

3. See Health Canada website (www. hc-sc. gc
See Health Canada website ( and Canadian Council of Food and Nutrition ( for information on life cycle nutrition including serving numbers
Pre-pre-natal (pre-conception), pre and peri-natal nutrition
Infant nutrition

4. Pre-pre natal, Pre-natal and peri-natal nutrition
Adequacy through variety critical all through life –remember nutrient requirements change with each stage of life

5. Pre-pre-natal
Remember what mother eats, the embryo and foetus eat:
First trimester critical for development
Eat well plus folate supplement (4 mg/day)
Critical period for neural tube development is days
Anencephaly
Spina bifida
However must always be on guard

8. Pre-pre-natal
Weight prior to conception
-ideal weight (BMI = 18.5 – 24.9)
-not underweight BMI < 18.5
-pre-term infant and infant death risk higher
-not overweight (BMI ) or
obese (BMI > 30)
-medical complications for mother
-hypertension
-gestational diabetes
-post-partum infections
-post-term deliveries

9. Pre-pre-natal
-child medical complications of overweight or obese mother
-heavier than usual
-difficult labour and delivery
-birth trauma
-caesarean

10. Pre-pre-natal
More things for pre-conception
Avoid non-nutrient nutraceuticals and alcohol
Avoid nutritional deficiencies and toxicities

11. What mother eats (adequacy through variety),
Pre-natal
What mother eats (adequacy through variety),
the embryo and foetus eat:
First trimester critical for development
Eat well plus folate supplement (4 mg/day)
Critical period for neural tube development is
17-30 days
Anencephaly
Spina bifida
However must always be on guard

13. Exercise- helps regulate weight gain never to the point of discomfort
Pre-natal
Exercise- helps regulate weight gain
never to the point of discomfort
low-impact only
non-contact

15. -extra serving of each 4 food groups Protein
Pre-natal
Energy
-300 more kcal, perhaps more for teenager, underweights and active women
-extra serving of each 4 food groups
Protein
-usually not a problem in Canada-more than meet protein requirement
Essential fatty acids
-omega 3s- visual acuity and brain development

16. -better for absorption-supplements in ferrous form
Pre-natal -Nutrients for blood and cell growth
-folate, B12, iron, and zinc-variously involved in DNA and cell replication
-iron- increased blood volume and poor maternal iron stores pre-pregnancy (vitamin C converts ferric in food to ferrous form
-better for absorption-supplements in ferrous form
-take iron on empty stomach and avoid milk, caffeine or tea? Why ?
-Bone development-vitamin D and calcium

17. Nutrient supplements- only if poor diet
Pre-natal
Nutrient supplements- only if poor diet
Avoid non-nutrient nutraceuticals, alcohol (FAS) and (caffeine(?)), aspartame if a PKU (cannot break down phenylalanine (PA)- elevated PA levels are a neurotoxin-brain damage)
Avoid nutritional deficiencies and toxicities

19. Peri-natal Lactation
Energy requirements for mum (additional kcal from food plus 100 kcal from fat stores built up during pregnancy)
Vitamins and Minerals
-mother’s nutritional deficiencies (not following adequacy through variety leads reduction in quantity not quality of mother’s milk)-quality maintained at expense of maternal stores eg calcium -significance of calcium issue?
Water-plenty of fluids- fluid at each meal and each time baby nurses

20. Avoid non-nutrient nutraceuticals, alcohol and
Peri-natal
Lactation
Nutrient Supplements
If necessary
Avoid non-nutrient nutraceuticals, alcohol and
caffeine, aspartame if a PKU
-strong or spicy foods, medicinal drugs

21. Follow adequacy through variety formula
Infant Nutrition
0-1 year
Follow adequacy through variety formula
-intakes based on breast formula in well fed mother
Energy Intake
100 kcal/kg- rapid growth
Protein
Most important in growth
-too much protein-stress kidneys and liver -eg nonfat milk and concentrated formula

22. Infant Nutrition
Infant 0-1 Year
Vitamins and Minerals-breast milk adequate except for vitamin D
Water- the younger the child the greater the percentage of water in body and therefore the greater the requirement
Fig 15-2 and 15-3

24. Infant Nutrition
Infant 0-1 year
Preterm infants-
Calcium- osteopenia
-DHA (docosahexanenoic acid)
-critical to growth and development
of blood vessels and brain

26. Infant Nutrition Cows milk Not before 12 months
Younger than 6 months-gives rise to intestinal bleeding and iron deficiency- cows milk is a poor source of iron. Also cow’s milk is higher in calcium and low in vitamin C (both inhibit iron absorption) leads to iron deficiency
Younger than 6 months-Some suggestion of increase in type I diabetes in child but this is controversial-suggestion if family history of type I diabetes- avoid cow’s milk

27. Infant Nutrition
Solid food
-introduce at 6 months
-if not by end of first year delay growth
-provides nutrients that breast milk can not appropriately supply
Food allergies
-single ingredient foods –with a 4-5 day separation

28. Infant Nutrition
Choice of Infant foods
Iron
Vitamin C
Avoid infant desserts
Eat well yourself -show your children