1. 8.3 – Unifying Italy and Germany

2. “The question of nationality can only be resolved by destroying the treaties of 1815, and changing the map of Europe and its public Law. The question of Nationalities, rightly understood, is the Alliance of the Peoples; the balance of powers based upon new foundations; the organisation of the work that Europe has to accomplish.”
Giuseppe Mazzini

3. “I offer neither pay nor provisions; I offer hunger, thirst, forced marches, battle and death. Let him who loves his country in his heart and not with his lips only; follow me.”
Giuseppe Garibaldi

4. “Here, where our people, after centuries of separation, find themselves for the first time solemnly reunited in the person of their representatives: here where we recognize the fatherland of our dreams, everything speaks to us of greatness; but at the same time it all reminds us of our duties.”
King Victor Emmanuel

5. “Therefore the Holy Father will never be able to recognize the title of King of Italy, arrogated to himself by the king of Sardinia, since it is opposed to justice and to the sacred property of the Church. On the contrary, he makes the most ample and formal protest against such an usurpation.”
Pope Pius IX

6. “All treaties between great states cease to be binding when they come in conflict with the struggle for existence.” “Universal suffrage is the government of a house by its nursery”
Otto Von Bismarck

7. Italy Before Unification
Long history of separated states
Fought against each other
North is industrializing, south is still agricultural
Austria, France control parts of Italy
Italy Before Unification

8. Revolutionaries in Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini – tries to set up a revolutionary republic in Rome (1830’s)
Fails, is exiled
BUT, nationalism starts to become popular
Italy has a common religion, great history
Revolutionaries in Italy

9. Leadership in the North
Victor Emmanuel II makes Camillo Cavour Prime Minister (1852)
Goal: extend power and gain land
Works with Napoleon III, starts war with Austria
Wins war, gains Lombardy (1859)
Leadership in the North

10. Garibaldi Brings Unity
Giuseppe Garibaldi – recruits rebels to unify Italy
Red Shirts – Garibaldi’s men, become popular
Cavour provides weapons
Garibaldi sweeps across country, gaining land (1860)
Garibaldi Brings Unity

11. Victor Emmanuel also sends troops, meets with Garibaldi in Naples
1861 – Kingdom of Italy created, King Victor Emmanuel II is leader
BUT, Rome and Venetia are not included
Italy Unified… Kinda

12. Italy Unified Negotiations with Bismarck
Italy will get Venetia after Austro-Prussian War (1866)
French troops leave Rome after Franco- Prussian War (1870)
BUT, the Pope does not acknowledge Italy until 1929
Italy Unified

13. Is all fair in love and war
Is all fair in love and war? Give an example of why you believe it is or is not.
WARM UP

14. Germany Before Unification

15. Germany Before Unification
1830 – creation of the Zollverein, an economic agreement between German states
1848 – German liberals want a unified state
They offer the throne to Frederick William IV of Prussia
He says… NO
Germany Before Unification

16. Bismarck’s Rise Otto Von Bismarck
A Junker – conservative, wealthy noble
Becomes Prime Minister in 1862
Realpolitik – power is more important than principles. Needs of the state are 1st.
Bismarck’s Rise

17. Alliance with Austria against Denmark (1864) – gain Shleswig and Holstein
War with Austria (1866) – 7 Weeks War, Prussia gains German states
Bismarck’s Rise

18. Germany Unified Growing tensions with France
Bismarck tricks France into declaring war
Franco-Prussian War (1870) – French troops crushed, must give up land and power
1871 – Second Reich founded, with Kaiser Wilhelm I, and Germany is united
Germany Unified