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2. Note to Instructor (Continued): Media-Rich Assets
WWW Links are dispersed throughout the PowerPoint slides where appropriate and are indicated by this icon:
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3. Note to Instructor (Continued):
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4. Note to Instructor (Continued):
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5. Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 13:
Psychological Disorders
Siri Carpenter, Yale University
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

6. Lecture Overview Studying Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenia
Other Disorders
How Gender and Culture
Affect Abnormal Behavior
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7. Studying Psychological Disorders
Abnormal Behavior: patterns of emotion, thought, and action considered pathological for one or more of four reasons:
statistical infrequency
disability or dysfunction
personal distress
violation of norms
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8. Studying Psychological Disorders: Four Criteria for Abnormal Behavior
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9. Studying Psychological Disorders (Continued)
Historical perspectives:
In ancient times, people believed demons were the cause of abnormal behavior.
In the 1790s, Pinel and others began to emphasize disease and physical illness, which later developed into the medical model.
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10. Studying Psychological Disorders (Continued)
Modern psychology includes seven major perspectives on abnormal behavior.
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11. Studying Psychological Disorders: Classifying Abnormal Behavior
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR):
provides detailed descriptions of symptoms
contains over 200 diagnostic categories grouped into 17 major categories and five dimensions (or axes)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

12. Studying Psychological Disorders: Classifying Abnormal Behavior (Cont
Five Axes of DSM-IV-TR (guidelines for making decisions about symptoms)
Axis I (current clinical disorders)
Axis II (personality disorders and mental retardation)
Axis III (general medical information)
Axis IV (psychosocial and environmental problems)
Axis V (global assessment of functioning)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

13. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

14. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review
What are the four major standards for identifying abnormal behavior?
The _____ provides detailed descriptions of the key symptoms of abnormal behavior.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

15. Anxiety Disorders Five Major Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorder: characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear
Five Major Anxiety Disorders
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: persistent, uncontrollable, and free-floating anxiety
2. Panic Disorder: sudden and inexplicable panic attacks
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16. Anxiety Disorders (Continued)
3. Phobia: intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation
4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): intrusive, repetitive fearful thoughts (obsessions), urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions), or both
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17. Anxiety Disorders (Continued)
5. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: anxiety disorder following extraordinary stress
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18. Anxiety Disorders (Continued)
Explanations of Anxiety Disorders:
Psychological—faulty cognitions, maladaptive learning
Biological—evolution, genetics, brain functioning, biochemistry
Sociocultural—environmental stressors, cultural socialization
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

19. Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders: characterized by extreme disturbances in emotional states
Two Main Types of Mood Disorders:
Major Depressive Disorder: long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life
Bipolar Disorder: repeated episodes of mania and depression
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

20. Mood Disorders (Continued)
Using this hypothetical graph, note how major depressive disorders differ from bipolar disorders.
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21. Mood Disorders (Continued)
Explanations of Mood Disorders:
Biological—brain functioning, neurotransmitter imbalances, genetics, evolution
Psychosocial—environmental stressors, disturbed interpersonal relationships, faulty thinking, poor self-concept, learned helplessness, faulty attributions
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

22. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review
What are the five major anxiety disorders?
_____ are characterized by repeated episodes of mania and depression.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

23. Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia: group of psychotic disorders, characterized by a general loss of contact with reality
Five areas of major disturbance:
Perception (hallucinations)
Language (word salad, neologisms)
Thoughts (psychosis, delusions)
Emotion (exaggerated or flat affect)
Behavior [unusual actions (e.g., catalepsy, waxy flexibility)]
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24. Schizophrenia (Continued)
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25. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

26. Schizophrenia (Continued)
Explanations of Schizophrenia:
Biological--genetic predisposition, disruptions in neurotransmitters, brain abnormalities
Psychosocial--stress, disturbed family communication
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

27. Schizophrenia – The Biopsychosocial Model
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28. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review
_____ is a group of psychotic disorders, characterized by a general loss of contact with reality.
What are the three biological and two psychological factors that may contribute to schizophrenia?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

29. Other Disorders
Substance-related disorder (abuse of, or dependence on, a mood or behavior-altering drug)
Two general groups:
Substance abuse (interferes with social or occupational functioning)
Substance dependence (shows physical reactions, such as tolerance and withdrawal)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

30. Other Disorders: Substance-Related Disorder
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31. Other Disorders (Continued)
People with substance-related disorders also commonly suffer from other psychological disorders, a condition known as comorbidity.
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32. Other Disorders (Continued)
Dissociative Disorders: splitting apart (dis-association) of experience from memory or consciousness
Types of Dissociative Disorders:
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

33. Other Disorders (Continued)
Best known and most severe dissociative disorder:
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): presence of two or more distinct personality systems in the same person at different times (previously known as multiple personality disorder)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

34. Other Disorders (Continued)
Personality Disorder: inflexible, maladaptive personality traits causing significant impairment of social and occupational functioning
Examples of personality disorders:
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

35. Other Disorders (Continued)
Antisocial Personality Disorder: profound disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
Key Traits: egocentrism, lack of conscience, impulsive behavior, and superficial charm
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

36. Other Disorders (Continued)
Explanations of Antisocial Personality Disorder
Biological--genetic predisposition, abnormal brain functioning
Psychological--abusive parenting, inappropriate modeling
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37. Other Disorders (Continued)
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): impulsivity and instability in mood, relationships, and self-image
Explanations of BPD:
Psychological—childhood history of neglect, emotional deprivation, abuse
Biological—genetic inheritance, impaired brain functioning
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

38. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review
People with substance-related disorders also commonly suffer from other psychological disorders, a condition known as ______.
A serial killer would likely be diagnosed as a(n) _____ disorder.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

39. How Gender and Culture Affect Abnormal Behavior
Gender and Depression:
Women more often depressed. Why? Combination of biological, psychological, and social forces (biopsychosocial model)
Biological
Social
Psychological
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40. Culture-General Symptoms: shared symptoms across cultures
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41. Culture-Bound Symptoms: unique symptoms that differ across cultures
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42. How Gender and Culture Affect Abnormal Behavior (Continued)
Gender and Cultural Diversity: Numerous culturally general symptoms, but significant differences exist in:
prevalence
form
onset
prognosis
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

43. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review
What factors contribute to the higher incidence of depression among women than men?
____________ are shared symptoms across cultures
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44. Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
End of Chapter 13:
Psychological Disorders
Siri Carpenter, Yale University
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology