1. The Human Skeleton System 10 CMH INTEGRATED SCIENCE

2. Joint A joint is formed wherever two or more different bones meet.
Movement occurs in many different planes and to make this possible the bones must be joined to each other in different ways.

3. Types of Joints Fixed Joints
Are formed where bones are not meant to move.
The sutures of the skull is made up of several bones which fuse together in the early years of life.
This is important so that the skull provides strong protection for the brain.

4. Synovial Joints/moveable Joints
Features Of A Synovial Joint
Freely moveable joints are
called synovial joints.
All have the same basic
structures.
The ligaments hold the bone firmly together.

5. The surfaces of the bones are covered in cartilage.
The cartilages are very
smooth to reduce friction
and Absorb shocks.
The synovial membrane
produces the synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid serves as a lubricant which help to reduce friction.

6. Kinds of Synovial Joints
Ball and Socket
Found in the hip and
shoulder.
Allows movement in all
planes/universal movement.
The fitting of the humerus into the cavity of the Scapula (shoulder blade) allows you to swing your arm right around.

7. Hinge Joints
Allows movement in one
plane only (like a door)
approximately
As at the knee and elbow
joint.
Thanks to the hinge joint in
the knee footballers can easily
run and kick a ball in front of them.

8. Gliding joint
These joints allow bones to glide
over each other, giving flexibility
in the area.
Allows several angles of movement.
Are found where there are several small bones.
Thanks to gliding joints in the hands bowlers are able to hold and spin the ball in cricket, and batsman can grip the bat.

9. Pivot joint
One bone stays stationary while the other rotates on it.
Example at the neck and head.

10. Posture And Locomotion
Good posture means that the body is held correctly so that there is only slight tension in the muscles.

11. Factors that Affect The Skeleton
Poor posture puts strain on muscles and they lose their tone.
High-heeled shoes can cause bad posture while standing.
This strain leg muscles.

12. Arthritis
Inflammation of the joints.
This is a deterioration of the cartilage covering the bones in the joints.

13. Dislocation
This happens when a bone is forced out of its normal position in the joint cavity.

14. Fractures
This occur when you put more pressure on a bone than it can stand, causing it to crack, split or break.
A break of any size is called
a fracture.

15. Osteoporosis
This is a condition in which the bone matrix is lost and not replaced, resulting in an increased softening and weakening of the bones.

16. Rickets
Is a disease in you children caused by a deficiency vitamin D and calcium, resulting in soft and deformed bone.

17. Sprains
Occur when a ligament is damaged or torn because excessive force is applied to the joints.