1. 1071 Battle of Manzikert heralds influx of
Turks into Asia Minor
27th November 1095 Pope Urban II
(p ) preaches the First Crusade
at Clermont
Spring 1096 “Peasants’ Crusade” travels to
Constantinople
Sept/Oct 1096 Peasants’ Crusade massacred
by Saljuqs of Rum

2. End 1097 “Official” crusading armies reach
Constantinople, are shipped across
Bosphorus
1109 Crusaders complete conquest of much
of Levantine coast, with states set up
based at Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli and
Jerusalem

3. 1105 Kitab al-Jihad (Book of the Holy War)
dictated in public by ‘Ali ibn Tahir
al-Sulami ( )
1144 ‘Imad al-Din Zangi takes Edessa
1146 Zangi murdered by slave
Reign of Nur al-Din
Jami‘ al-Nuri, Hama, Syria (bt );
Great Mosque, Aleppo (restored by Nur al-Din, )

4. 1148 Crusaders fail to take Damascus
1154 Nur al-Din takes Damascus
Jan 1169 Shirkuh becomes Fatimid vizier
Reign of Salah al-Din Yusuf (Saladin)
1171 Death of Fatimid caliph al-‘Adid.
Saladin abolishes Fatimid caliphate
1174 Death of Nur al-Din

5. 1174-86 Saladin takes control of Syria
1187 Saladin destroys crusaders’ field army
Saladin takes most of coast including
Jerusalem

6. 1189-92 Richard I and Saladin fight each other
to a standstill
Sept 1192 Peace agreement made. Richard
leaves Levant
3rd March 1193 Death of Saladin
Levant ruled by Saladin’s family
until ousted by Mamluks, who sweep
crusaders off coast by 1291

7. 1140s Almoravid Empire: Revolts in some
Muslim cities against Almoravids, with
rulers being ejected

8. 1121-30 “Reign” of Ibn Tumart as mahdi
of the muwahhidun (Almohads =
“unitarians”). Almohad position is mix
of Sunni, Shi‘ite, Traditionalist and
Mu‘tazilite elements
‘Abd al-Mu’min reigns as Almohad
caliph
‘Abd al-Mu’min takes N. Africa
from Almoravids, incl. Marrakesh

9. 1147-48 ‘Abd al-Mu’min takes south-west
Spain
1160 ‘Abd al-Mu’min takes Ifriqiya
1170s ‘Abd al-Mu’min’s successors take
south-east Spain
Mosque of Hasan, Rabat, Morocco (bt. 1199)

10. 1212 Almohads defeated at Las Navas de Tolosa
1269 Marinids take Marrakesh, complete
conquest of N. Africa
1275 All but Granada in Christian hands
1492 Christians take Granada
mudejars (mudajjan = “permitted to
remain”/“put to use”)