1. Volume 140, Issue 4, Pages 1322-1333.e5 (April 2011)
Dysregulated Generation of Follicular Helper T Cells in the Spleen Triggers Fatal Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice 
Nobuhiro Aoki, Masahiro Kido, Satoru Iwamoto, Hisayo Nishiura, Ryutaro Maruoka, Junya Tanaka, Takeshi Watanabe, Yoshimasa Tanaka, Taku Okazaki, Tsutomu Chiba, Norihiko Watanabe 
Gastroenterology 
Volume 140, Issue 4, Pages e5 (April 2011)
DOI: /j.gastro
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2. Figure 1
Splenic CD4+ T cells are responsible for induction of fatal AIH. (A and B) NTx-PD-1−/− mice were injected intraperitoneally at 1 day after NTx and then once a week with anti-CD4 (n = 5), anti-CD8 (n = 5), or isotype (n = 5) Abs. After 4 injections, mice at 4 weeks of age were killed, and the livers were harvested. (A) Survival rate of the mice and (B) stainings of the liver for hematoxylin and eosin (HE), CD4, and CD8 at 4 weeks. (C) Macroscopic view of the liver and spleen from indicated mice. (D) Survival rate and (E) histology of the liver from 4-week-old NTx-PD-1−/− mice with (n = 7) or without (n = 9) neonatal splenectomy (NSplx). (F) The spleens from indicated mice at 2 weeks of age were stained with FITC-conjugated anti-CD4, anti-CD8, or PNA (green) and biotin-labeled anti-B220 followed by Texas red-conjugated avidin (red). Scale bars, 1 cm in C and 100 μm in others. *P < .05.
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3. Figure 2
Autonomous localization of splenic CD4+ T cells within GC+ follicles depends on concurrent loss of naturally arising Tregs and PD-1 mediated signaling. (A) The spleens from indicated mice at 1 to 3 weeks of age were stained as described in Figure 1F. (B) Foxp3 mRNA expression by CD4+ T cells from the spleen of indicated mice. (C) Double immunostainings of the spleen from 2-week-old NTx-PD-1−/− mice transferred with splenic Tregs from normal BALB/c mice. The spleens were stained as described in Figure 1F. (D) Double immunostainings of the spleen in 2-week-old NTx mice injected at days 3 and 10 with anti-PD-L1 and anti-PD-L2. The spleens were stained as described in Figure 1F. (E) PD-L1 and PD-L2 mRNA expressions of liver and spleen of PD-1−/− mice at indicated age in weeks with (solid columns) or without (open columns) NTx. Bars indicate the mean of each group, and short bars indicate the standard deviation. *P < .05. N.D., not detected; n.s., not significant. All scale bars, 100 μm.
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4. Figure 3
Splenic CD4+ T cells in NTx-PD-1−/− mice display the molecular signature of TFH cells and directly trigger AIH. (A) IL-21 mRNA expressions by isolated splenic CD4+ T cells in indicated mice at 1 week of age. (B) Bcl6 and IL-21 mRNA expressions by isolated splenic CD4+ T cells and B220+ B cells in 2.5-week-old PD-1−/− mice with (solid columns) or without (open columns) NTx. (C) Double immunostainings of isolated splenic CD4+ICOS+ T cells from 2.5-week-old NTx-PD-1−/− mice with DAPI and anti-Bcl6, anti—IL-21, or the isotype controls. (D) Flow cytometric analysis of CD4+ T cells (upper panels) and B220+ cells (lower panels) in indicated mice at 2 or 3 weeks of age. The cells were stained with indicated Abs as described in the Materials and Methods section. Numbers in plots indicate percent cells in each gate. (E and F) CD4+ICOS+ T cells or CD4+ICOS− T cells from the spleen of 2.5-week-old NTx-PD-1−/− mice were transferred into RAG2−/− mice intravenously. (E) Staining of the liver for H&E 3 weeks after transfer. (F) Serum levels of the liver transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Bars indicate the mean of each group, and horizontal short bars indicate the standard deviation. *P < .05. N.D., not detected; n.s., not significant. Scale bars, 10 μm in C and 100 μm in others.
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5. Figure 4
TFH-cell generation rather than Th1 differentiation is primarily involved in the induction of fatal AIH. (A and B) Splenic and hepatic CD4+ T cells were isolated from indicated aged PD-1−/− mice with (solid columns) or without (open columns) NTx. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis was performed to measure the expression levels of mRNA encoding indicated master regulators for T-cell subsets and related cytokines. (C–F) NTx-PD-1−/− mice were intraperitoneally injected as described in Figure 1B with anti–IL-12p40, anti-ICOS, or anti–IL-21 Abs. After 4 injections, mice at 4 weeks of age were killed, and the spleens and livers were harvested. In panel C, the size of GCs in the spleen of indicated mice is shown. Spleens were stained as in Figure 1F. (C) Each open circle represents a size of GC measured in high-power fields. (D) CD4+ T-cell numbers in the follicles of the spleen (left) or the liver (right) of indicated mice. (E) H&E staining of the liver and survival rate in NTx-PD-1−/− mice injected with anti–IL-12p40 (n = 5) or isotype (n = 5) Abs. (F) Survival rate in NTx-PD-1−/− mice with anti-ICOS (n = 5) or isotype (n = 7) Abs and those with anti–IL-21 (n = 5) or isotype (n = 5) Abs. Bars indicate the mean of each group, and short bars indicate the standard deviation. *P < .05. N.D., not detected; n.s., not significant. All scale bars, 100 μm.
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6. Figure 5
IL-21 is a key cytokine for CD8+ T-cell activation induced by CD4+ T cells. (A) Flow cytometric analysis of cells in the spleen and liver of 2-week-old NTx-PD-1−/− mice. Phenotypes of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells were shown. Solid histograms represent anti–Ki-67 staining; open histograms represent the isotype controls. Numbers indicate percent of Ki67+ cells. Data represent 1 of 3 separate experiments. (B) IL-21R mRNA expressions by isolated CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and B220+ B cells of the spleen and liver in 2.5-week-old PD-1−/− mice with (solid columns) or without (open columns) NTx. Bars indicate the mean of each group, and horizontal short bars indicate the standard deviation. (C–E) Flow cytometric analysis of CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells were purified from the spleen of PD-1−/− mice and then cultured with CD4+ T cells from the spleen of 2-week-old PD-1−/− mice with or without NTx. After 1 day of culture with indicated conditions, percent of Ki67+ cells in CD8+ T-cell population was determined by flow cytometry. Bars indicate the mean of triplicated wells of each group, and horizontal short bars indicate the standard deviation. *P < .05. n.s., not significant.
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7. Figure 6
CCR6+ cells are predominantly increased in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen and liver only in the induction phase of AIH. (A–E) Cells in the spleen, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of NTx-PD-1−/− mice at the indicated age were stained with FITC-anti-CD3e, APC-Cy7-anti-CD4 and PE-anti-CCR6, -anti-CCR9, or -anti-CXCR3 (A, B, and D, upper panels), with FITC-anti-CXCR5, PE-anti-CCR6, and APC-Cy7-anti-CD4 (C), or with FITC-anti-CD3e, PE-anti-CCR6 APC-anti-CD8 (D, lower panels, and E). Flow cytometric analyses were assessed as in Figure 3D. Numbers of indicated T-cell populations were calculated by (percentage of the cells in viable cells) × (number of viable cells) (A, B, C, right panels, and E). Numbers indicate percent of indicated gates (C, left panels; D). (F) CCL20 or CCL25 mRNA expressions in the spleen and liver of PD-1−/− mice at indicated age with (solid columns) or without (open columns) NTx. Bars indicate the mean of each group, and horizontal short bars indicate the standard deviation. *P < .05. n.s., not significant.
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8. Figure 7
The CCR6-CCL20 axis plays a crucial role for both migration of splenic TFH cells into the liver and induction of fatal AIH. (A–D) NTx-PD-1−/− mice were injected intraperitoneally as described in Figure 1 with anti-CCL20 (n = 10) or isotype (n = 10) Abs. The spleen and liver were stained as in Figure 1B and 1F. (A) Double immunostainings of the spleen of 3-week-old mice. (B) CD4+ T-cell numbers in the follicles of the spleen of 3-week-old (left) and in the liver of 4-week-old (right) of indicated mice. (C) Immunostainings for CD4 and CD8 and H&E staining (lower panels) of the liver of 4-week-old mice. (D) Survival rate of each group of 4-week-old mice. Bars indicate the mean of each group, and horizontal short bars indicate the standard deviation. *P < .05. All scale bars, 100 μm.
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9. Supplementary Figure 1
Splenic CD4+ T cells are preferentially localized within B220+ B-cell follicles in the induction phase of AIH in NTx-PD-1−/− mice. The spleens from 2-week-old NTx-PD-1−/− mice were stained with biotin-labeled anti-B220 and FITC-conjugated anti-CD4 followed by Texas red-conjugated avidin. Scale bar, 100 μm.
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10. Supplementary Figure 2
The size of GCs is increased in the spleen of NTx-PD-1−/− mice from 1 to 3 weeks of age. Spleens from NTx-PD-1−/− mice at the indicated age in weeks were stained with FITC-conjugated PNA and biotin-labeled anti-B220 followed by Texas red-conjugated avidin. Each open circle represents a size of GC as measured in high-power fields. Horizontal bars indicate the mean size (diameter) of GCs in at least 3 sections. Horizontal short bars indicate the standard deviation. *P < .05.
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11. Supplementary Figure 3
Three-week-old NTx-PD-1−/− mice show hyper-γ-globulinemia and vast production of class-switched anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs). The serum levels of total Ig subclasses and ANAs in IgM, IgG1, and IgG2a of 3-week-old PD-1−/− mice with (solid columns) or without (open columns) NTx determined by ELISA. Bars indicate the mean of each group, and horizontal short bars indicate the standard deviation. *P < .05.
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12. Supplementary Figure 4
Administration of anti–IL-12p40 induces increase of IgG1 and decrease of IgG2a classes of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). NTx-PD-1−/− mice were injected intraperitoneally at 1 day after NTx and then once a week with anti–IL-12p40 (n = 5) Abs. After 4 injections, mice at 4 weeks of age were killed, and the serum levels of ANAs in IgG1 and IgG2a were determined by ELISA. Bars indicate the mean of NTx-PD-1−/− with or without administration of anti–IL-12p40, and horizontal short bars indicate the standard deviation. *P < .05.
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13. Supplementary Figure 5
Administration of anti-ICOS suppresses not only TFH-cell generation but also induction of fatal AIH, including hyper-γ-globulinemia and vast production of class-switched anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs). (A–C) NTx-PD-1−/− mice were injected intraperitoneally at 1 day after NTx and then once a week with either anti-ICOS (n = 5) or isotype (n = 7) Abs. After 4 injections, mice at 4 weeks of age were killed and the spleens and livers harvested. Double immunostainings of the spleen. (A) The spleens from indicated mice were stained with FITC-conjugated anti-CD4 or PNA (green) and biotin-labeled anti-B220 followed by Texas red-conjugated avidin (red). (B) Stainings of the liver for hematoxylin and eosin (HE), CD4, and CD8. (C) The serum levels of total Ig subclasses and ANAs in IgM, IgG1, and IgG2a were determined by ELISA. Bars indicate the mean of each group, and horizontal short bars indicate the standard deviation. *P < .05. All scale bars, 100 μm.
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14. Supplementary Figure 6
Administration of anti–IL-21 suppresses not only TFH-cell generation but also induction of fatal AIH. NTx-PD-1−/− mice were injected intraperitoneally at 1 day after NTx and then once a week with either anti–IL-21 (n = 5) or isotype (n = 5) Abs. After 4 injections, mice at 4 weeks of age were killed, and the spleens and livers were harvested. (A) Double immunostainings of the spleen. The spleens from indicated mice were stained with FITC-conjugated anti-CD4 or PNA (green) and biotin-labeled anti-B220 followed by Texas red-conjugated avidin (red). (B) Stainings of the liver for hematoxylin and eosin (HE), CD4, and CD8. All scale bars, 100 μm.
Gastroenterology  , e5DOI: ( /j.gastro )
Copyright © 2011 AGA Institute Terms and Conditions