1. Stem

2. Types of stem StemAerial Erect/upright aerial stem Weak aerial stem Reduced aerial stem Underground Sub-aerial stem

3. A.Aerial stem (Epiterranean): 1. Erect aerial stem: a. Culm: Node Internode

4. b. Caudex: Crown of leaves S t e m w i t h s c a r s o f f a l l e n l e a f b a s e s

5. Caudex of Cycas

6. c. Pseudostem :

7. d. Excurrent stem

8. e. Deliquescent stem:

9. 3. Weak aerial stem: Aerial stem contd….. 2 types A. Twinner A. Climber

10. weak aerial stem contd…… 2. Climbers: a.Leaf Tendril climbers i. Whole leaf into tendril: Whole leaf as tendril

11. ii. Leaflet into tendril:

12. iii. Leaf stipule as tendril (tendrilar stipule) Stipule as tendril Stipule as tendril E.g., Smilax

13. Examples: Pitcher plants (Nepenthes, Clematis) iv. Leaf petiole as tendril

14. v. Leaf tip into tendril: E.g., Gloriosa

15. b. Stem tendril i. Axillary bud into tendril: Climbers contd…. Example: Passiflora (Passion flower) Axillary bud as tendril

16. iii. Extra axillary bud into tendril: Extra axillary bud as tendril Examples: Cucurbits

17. iii. Terminal bud as tendril Terminal bud as Tendril

18. C. Scramblers or ramblers: Examples: Bougainvillea Atrabotrytis

19. d. Lianas:

20. Underground stem Types: i.Tuber ii. Rhizome iii. Corm iv. Bulb

21. i. Tuber

22. ii. Rhizome

23. Rootstock

24. iii. Corm:

25. Birthday flower (Gladiolus)

26. Corm of Colchicum autmanle

27. Disc Fleshy leaves iv. Bulb:

28. Bulb Fleshy bulb Tunicated bulb Simple T.B Compound T.B

29. Sub-aerial Modifications of Stem (Prostate weak stem modifications) 1. Trailers or stragglers:

30. 2.Runners: Runner

31. c. Sucker:

32. 4. Stolons:

33. 5. Offsets: Offset

34. Aerial (Epiterranean) Modifications of Stems a. Phylloclade: Examples: Muehlenbeckia (Cocoloba) Opuntia Euphorbia royalena.

35. b. Cladodes: Examples: Asparagus Ruscus

36. c. Bulbils: Examples: Dioscorea, Agave, Onion

37. d. Thorns Prickles