1. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING PARTICIPATION

2. -         Sponsorship
-          Media
-          Social and cultural aspects
- Influences of local and national providers.

3. Sponsorship
Sponsorship exists to give good publicity to the sponsors. It can fund teams, sports or individuals in part or full. The more famous the sport, team or individual, the higher the sponsor.
There are many different types of sponsorship:
Free transport
Free accommodation
Scholarships
Free equipment
Free clothes and shoes
Event and league paid for
Free entrance fee, food, training

4. Sponsors get a great deal out of sponsorship too
Free advertising – see David Beckham wearing adidas football boots, and you will want a pair
Image – Samsung will become associated with winning
Scholarships – some universities offer places to students who excel in certain sport. In return, universities gain prestige for sporting excellence
Tax and hospitality – sponsors don’t usually have to pay tax on the money they spend on sponsorship. They also get free tickets to the event they are sponsoring, which they can use to impress clients or employees

5. POSITIVE
Pays for full time sportspeople to train and compete
Pays for events and leagues to compete in
Promotes the development of up and coming sportspeople
NEGATIVE
Not everyone can get sponsorship, especially if you play an unpopular sport
If you get injured, lose your form or get a bad reputation, sponsors could withdraw
Abuse of power by associating alcohol and cigarettes with sport. This gives a false image of health

6. Media Sport is everywhere! TV and radio
Cable and satellite – pay-per-view events
Ceefax and teletext
Internet
Newspapers and magazines
Books and films
Mobile technology
Media coverage depends a lot on technology. Apart from making the above forms possible, it also improves things with instant replays, photo finishes, underwater cameras, split times and timings.

7. POSITIVE EFFECTS
MONEY – media companies pay for the rights to show a sport. Sponsorship will increase massively if that sport is popularised by the media
EDUCATION – people learn about rules and tactics for a sport
ROLE MODELS – young people aspire to be like these
INSPIRATION – brings sports to people who may not otherwise experience it, which can encourage participation
AID TO COACHING – lets you study the performance of others
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
BIAS – only the really popular sports get much coverage, so smaller sports don’t get much sponsorship
LACK OF ATTENDANCE – watching it on TV means you re not at the game, which reduces ticket sales.
OVERLOAD – some think there is too much sport on TV
OPEN SEASON – stars are hounded by the media
DEMANDS TO COMPLY – media impose rules on sports to make them more exciting. Golden goal in football, tie breaks in tennis

8. Social and Cultural Aspects
SPORTING BEHAVIOUR
Etiquette – the unwritten rules
In sport this means fair play and good manners
Footballers often kick the ball out of play if an opponent is injured so they can be treated. At the throw in, the opposition give the ball back to the other team.
At the end of a tennis match, players shake their opponent’s and umpire’s hand.
Violence
This is rare in non-contact sports, as there is no direct aggression
Fights do break out in aggressive team sports, such as rugby
Some people say violence among players causes spectator violence, but this is not been proved either way
If a player has behaved in a violent manner, they can be fined or suspended, and their club may be fined.

9. SPECTATORS
Crowds can influence a match by cheering on their team and putting off the opposition. This is a reason why playing at home is an advantage
They buy tickets and other merchandise, which brings money into the club
However, there can be a downside to fans
Facilities are needed, and stewards have to be there to supervise them
The police may be needed to control large numbers of fans, and the clubs have to pay for this
Hooliganism can be a problem
Hooliganism has caused disasters, so action has been taken:
Heysel Disaster – in 1985, at the European Cup Final, 39 Juventus fans were killed =when Liverpool fans rushed towards them, making a wall collapse.
Hillsborough Disaster – at the 1989 FA Cup semi-final, 96 fans were crushed to death against fences around the pitch, after too many people had been let into the stadium.
The Taylor Report made the following recommendations
Stadiums had to have fences separating opposing fans
Stadiums had to become all-seater
Club membership schemes were introduced to stop known trouble makers entering the grounds
Perimeter fences between the crowds and the pitch were removed
CCTV was installed to monitor fans

10. AMATEURS
Don’t get paid
Take part because the enjoy it
Hockey is a sport that is totally amateur
Clubs have to pay for the hire of facilities
Players of the clubs pay membership fees
Some clubs get sponsorship from small local businesses
PROFESSIONALS
Get paid for playing
Their full time job
TV and radio pay massive amounts for the rights to show the event
They sell merchandise
Sponsorship

11. Influences of Local and National Providers
LOCAL SPORTS CLUBS
A general structure of a sports club committee, which is elected by the club members

12. SPORTING FACILITIES
Outdoor facilities
Include pitches (football, hockey, cricket), tracks (athletics, horse racing), pools (water sports), courts (tennis, netball) and natural features (canoeing)
Indoor facilities
Usually purpose built buildings, such as swimming pools, sports halls, gyms (used for lots of different activities, like football, badminton, tennis)
When you plan to build an indoor facility, there are many things needed to be taken into consideration:
Are people going to use it?
Can people park there?
Can it be used for other things?
Can people get to it?
What will it cost?
Is there any competition?

13. Public Sector Facilities
Owned by local authorities and councils
Usually run at a loss
Sports pitches, leisure centres, swimming pools
Private Sector Facilities
Owned by companies or individuals
Run to make money
Sports stadiums, tennis clubs, golf clubs, health clubs
Centres of Excellence
Offer very good facilities for top class athletes
Crystal Palace
Bisham Abbey
Lilleshall
Holme Pierrepoint
Plas-y-Brenin

14. SPORTING BODIES AND ORGANISATIONS
National Governing Bodies of sport have 4 main roles:
To maintain the rules of the sport and keep the discipline
To promote the sport
To organise international competitive events
To organise national competitions
Examples of governing bodies are the FA (Football Association), UKA (UK Athletics)
SPORT ENGLAND
Aims to:
Give the UK’s world class performers excellent support
Improve the UK’s profile and influence on the international stage
Promote ethical behaviour
Persuade governing bodies that the UK is the best place to hold major sporting events