1. Practice multiple choice questions
What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?
Oxygen and lactic acid
Carbon dioxide and water
Glucose and oxygen
Water and glucose
As glucose is broken down, the waste product is in the form of:
Lactic acid
Carbon dioxide
ATP
Ammonia

3. * A ten step process occurring in the cytoplasm
Stage One: GLYCOLYSIS
* A ten step process occurring in the cytoplasm
Stage Two: PYRUVATE OXIDATION
* A one step process occurring in the mitochondria
Stage Three: KREB’S CYCLE (a.k.a citric acid cycle)
* An eight step process occurring in the mitochondria
Stage Four: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
* A multi-step process occurring in the mitochondria

4. STAGE ONE: GLYCOLYSIS
“Sugar Splitting”

5. Glycolysis First stage of cellular respiration
Starts with glucose (6-C sugar) which is split into two 3-C units called pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
Anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)
Net energy produced is 2ATP and 2NADH
Recall NAD+ : coenzyme used in your cells, gets reduced into NADH
Glycolysis is thought to be the earliest form of energy metabolism

6. Net Glycolytic Equation:
C6H12O6 + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+  2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H2O
Net gain of 2 ATP from glycolysis

7. Glycolysis is extremely inefficient at harvesting energy
The energy conversion for efficiency of glycolysis is as follows:
2 moles of ATP x 31kJ/mol ATP = 62kJ
Total free energy in 1 mole of glucose = 2870kJ
efficiency = energy out/energy in x 100%
62kJ/2870kJ x 100% = 2.2%
This shows that glycolysis only transfers 2.2% of the potential 100% from each glucose molecule. Extremely inefficient! What should we do…..Ahhhhh!!

8. 1 2
ATP 3 5 4
dihydroxyacteone phosphate (DHAP) 6 7 8 9 10

9. Step One: ATP phosphorylates glucose
Step Two: Isomerase rearranges
Step Three: ATP phosphorylates
Step Four and Five: Splitting and converting
Step Six: NAD+ reduced to NADH
Step Seven: Substrate phosphorylation
Step Eight: Isomerase rearranges
Step Nine: Conversion
Step Ten: Substrate phosphorylation
After step 10 you have two pyruvate molecules. These pyruvate have two options: aerobic respiration or fermentation.

10. (Isomerase)
(Isomerase)

13. Homework Section 4.2 p. 172-174 Know it! ☺