1. Heart Attack and other Irregularities
Biology 12

2. What is a normal Heart Rate?

3. What is a normal Blood pressure?

4. Bradycardia/Tachycardia
Tachycardia – faster than 100 beats a minute
Bradycardia less than 60 beats a minute
Arrhythmia – irregular heart beat

5. Heart Attack

6. Wake Up Call - Case Study
Read Part 1
1. How likely is this to be a heart problem? Asthma? Panic attack? Or...?
2. Why do you say this? What are the symptoms that are consistent with your preliminary diagnosis? Is there anything unusual?

7. Wake Up Call - Case Study
Read Part 2
1. Draw a sketch of the heart and show where the coronary blood vessels lie.
2. List in order the blood vessels that a drop of blood would follow as it makes a complete journey around the body starting as it enters the right atrium until it returns to the right atrium.
3. What are the characteristics of Denise's lifestyle that might lead to a heart problem?
4. Has Denise suffered a heart attack?
5. Define these terms: cholesterol, hypercholesterolemia, cardiac ischemia, collateral vessels, angina pectoris, and plaque.

8. Wake Up Call - Case Study
Read Part 3 & 4
1. Why is the first hour of a heart attack the most critical?
2. What do fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-18 (IL-18) indicate?
3. What is the cause of Denise's breathlessness, fatigue, and nausea?
4. What are platelets and what do they have to do with Denise's heart problem?
5. What is an embolism and what is its connection to thrombosis?
6. What does LDL have to do with heart attacks?
7. How does hypertension develop and what does it have to do with a high risk of heart attacks?

9. Wake Up Call - Case Study
Read Part 5 & 6
Heart-Healthy Diet
a. What foods/nutrients should be limited and specifically what foods/nutrients are beneficial and why? (Example: what are the benefits of folic acid, monounsaturated fats, omega 3 fats, etc? Why are saturated fats bad?)
Lifestyle Changes
a. What activities are hazardous to heart health and what are some solutions? b. What are the benefits of exercise concerning heart health?
Aspirin
a. How can aspirin help in preventing heart disease?
Draw a diagram of the changes in blood enzyme and troponin levels that occur before, during and after a heart attack.

10. What foods/nutrients should be limited and specifically what foods/nutrients are beneficial and why?
Diets that are high in cholesterol, fats, and oils greatly increase the risk of atherosclerosis or hardened arteries, high blood pressure, and obesity (more than 20% over one's ideal weight). 
Saturated fats damage the arteries, raise blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and expedite plaque formation. 
High salt intake and excessive alcohol consumption can increase blood pressure, which in turn strains the heart muscle. 
Recommended daily doses:
i.  Limit daily saturated fat intake to less than 10% of total calories. ii.  Limit daily fat intake to less than 30% of total calories. iii.  Limit daily cholesterol intake to less than 300 mg. iv.  Limit daily sodium intake to less than 2400 mg.

11. Anit-oxidants
Antioxidants are substances that protect cells from free radical oxidative damage and lessen the effects of LDLs and cholesterol in causing atherosclerosis. 
Beta-carotene (vitamin A), vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium are key antioxidants in a heart-healthy diet.

12. Vitamin B’s
Three B-vitamins have been identified as aids in reducing heart disease because of their ability to lower homocysteine levels and increase the arterial response to the body's need for more oxygen-rich blood:  vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folic acid

13. What activities are hazardous to heart health and what are some solutions?
Cigarette smoking, drug use, and alcoholism all increase heart disease risk and should be treated with counseling. 
People with pessimistic, aggressive, or high-stress lifestyles should learn anger-management or stress-management skills. 
A sedentary lifestyle increases the incidence of obesity and thus type 2 diabetes, both of which elevate heart disease risk. 
Unhealthy eating habits, such as overeating in one sitting (which elevates oxidative damage in the arteries), high red meat intake (which can elevate triglyceride and homocysteine levels), high saturated fat and cholesterol intake, and lack of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals can jeopardize heart health. 

14. What are the benefits of exercise?
i. Decreases the heart's need for oxygen and thus increases efficiency. ii. Reduces levels of LDLs and triglycerides while increasing levels of HDLs, thus reversing the process of atherosclerosis. iii. Stimulates the natural process of angiogenesis. iv. Keeps blood pressure in check. v. Helps control obesity and type 2 diabetes. vi. Offers an excellent strategy for stress management.

15. Aspirin
lessens inflammation and risk of blood clots in the arteries and reduces the stickiness of platelets, which can lead to plaque formation. 
According to new research, taking a daily low-dose of aspirin ( mg) cannot only lower risk of a repeat heart attack, but it can lower the odds of a first-time attack as well

16. Blood Work After Heart Attack

17. Pacemaker

18. POGIL
Complete the POGIL as homework