1. Cellular Respiration

2. Cellular Respiration a metabolic process similar to burning fuel
how food gets turned into useable energy
glucose (sugar) is the primary source of energy
energy is released from the glucose molecule as the high energy bonds are broken and rearranged into lower energy bonds in CO2 and H2O

3. ATP and Energy the energy from food is transferred to ATP molecules
ATP acts as a temporary storage of energy until the cell uses the energy (like a charged battery)
after using ATP, it becomes ADP
the cells can later “recharge” ADP back into ATP
energy can be transferred from food to ATP with or without O2
however, O2 is required in order to fully breakdown glucose and obtain the maximum amount of energy

4. Using the Energy in ATP and Converting ADP into ATP

5. Using the Energy in ATP and Converting ADP into ATP
from
food
Energy
for cell
work

6. Cell Works that uses chemical energy (ATP)
muscle contractions
nerve impulses
cell membrane protein pumps (active transport)
making proteins (like enzymes and new tissues)
making nucleic acids (like DNA)
cell growth and repair

7. Energy Loss as Heat
some of the energy stored in glucose is lost as heat and is not able to be converted to useable energy in ATP
this causes organisms to warm up when their bodies use lots of glucose

9. When do you use a lot of glucose?

10. Cellular respiration…
it’s not just for animals.

11. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic aerobic literally means “in air” –
any process that uses oxygen
anerobic literally means “not in air”
any process that does NOT use oxygen

12. Cellular Respiration Equation

13. ADP
+ P
CELL WORK
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
ATP

16. Glycolysis the beginning of the cellular respiration pathway
is anaerobic and occurs in the cytoplasm
an enzyme assisted process that breaks one molecule of glucose (with 6 carbon atoms) in half into two molecules called pyruvate (each with 3 carbon atoms)

17. Energy yield of Glycolysis
only produces a small amount of ATP, but can happen very fast
requires special energy-carrying molecules called NAD+
NAD+ is made from niacin, vitamin B3
glycolysis stores high-energy electrons on NAD+ and converts the molecules to NADH

18. Energy yield of Glycolysis
all of the NAD+ molecules in the cell get used up very quickly
when NAD+ molecules are used up, glycolysis stops
so does ATP production

20. Fermentation
process that helps continue to release energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen
is also an anaerobic process
helps free up NAD+ molecules so glycolysis can continue
if glycolysis can continue, the cell can make more ATP

22. Fermentation
Two types
Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation

23. 1. Alcoholic fermentation
performed by yeast and a few other microorganisms
forms ethyl alcohol and CO2 as wastes
Pyruvate + NADH  alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
pyruvate and NADH were produced during glycolysis
makes more NAD+ so glycolysis can make more ATP
helps in the production of bread and beer

24. 2. Lactic acid fermentation
similar to alcoholic fermentation
occurs in our muscles during rapid exercise
causes “burning” sensation
Pyruvate + NADH  lactic acid + NAD+
pyruvate and NADH were produced during glycolysis
makes more NAD + so glycolysis can make more ATP
helps in productions of cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, and sour cream

27. Aerobic Respriation
requires oxygen and occurs in the mitochondria

28. Aerobic Respriation

29. Mitochondria and Battery Chargers
Energy Input
Electricity from an outlet
Output of Useable Energy for Humans
Battery
Mitochondria
Sugar (glucose)
Output of Useable Energy for the Cell
ATP

30. Aerobic Respriation requires oxygen and occurs in the mitochondria
releases the MAXIMUM amount of energy from glucose
uses the high-energy electrons from NADH and pyruvate to make a LARGE AMOUNT of ATP
makes CO2 and H2O as waste products

32. All eukaryotes have mitochondria
became fungi and animals
became plants

33. Why do plants need mitochondria?
became fungi and animals
became plants

34. Cellular Respiration & Enzymes
both aerobic and anaerobic respiration require the use of many enzymes
enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions
enzyme efficiency can be affected by many factors
Temperature, pH
these factors can also speed up (or slow down) respiration

35. Summary
How are the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration like a cycle?
Discuss reactants and products
Discuss movement of gasses in the atmosphere
Discuss eukaryotic cell organelles where photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place