1. This approach teaches us that all people, even the most well adjusted people, undergo inner struggles.
People are born with certain biological drives such as aggression, sex and the need for superiority. These drives, however may come into conflict with laws, social rules, moral codes, school Rules, that have been previously internalized.
Freud was a doctor in Austria in the late 1800s who was amazed how some people had lost feeling in a hand or become paralyzed in the legs even though nothing was medically wrong with them. He interviewed them, and found that they were very angry or stressed about something, yet they refused ignored the causes. These fears and anxieties were deep in their conscious or subconscious.
So he began talking to them, asking them to say whatever popped up in their minds. When they began discovering these fears and talked about them, they regained their motor skills back.

2. • Developed the Inner Conflict Approach
• Concluded that conscious thoughts make up small part of mind.
• Most deep thoughts, & urges are pushed into the unconscious part of the mind.
This approach teaches us that all people, even the most well adjusted people, undergo inner struggles.
People are born with certain biological drives such as aggression, sex and the need for superiority. These drives, however may come into conflict with laws, social rules, moral codes, school Rules, that have been previously internalized.
Freud was a doctor in Austria in the late 1800s who was amazed how some people had lost feeling in a hand or become paralyzed in the legs even though nothing was medically wrong with them. He interviewed them, and found that they were very angry or stressed about something, yet they refused ignored the causes. These fears and anxieties were deep in their conscious or subconscious.
So he began talking to them, asking them to say whatever popped up in their minds. When they began discovering these fears and talked about them, they regained their motor skills back.

3. Inner Conflict Approach Conscious thoughts make up small part of mind.
Most deep thoughts, & urges are pushed into the subconscious part of the mind.
Mind has three basic psychological structures
This approach teaches us that all people, even the most well adjusted people, undergo inner struggles.
People are born with certain biological drives such as aggression, sex and the need for superiority. These drives, however may come into conflict with laws, social rules, moral codes, school Rules, that have been previously internalized.
Freud was a doctor in Austria in the late 1800s who was amazed how some people had lost feeling in a hand or become paralyzed in the legs even though nothing was medically wrong with them. He interviewed them, and found that they were very angry or stressed about something, yet they refused ignored the causes. These fears and anxieties were deep in their conscious or subconscious.
So he began talking to them, asking them to say whatever popped up in their minds. When they began discovering these fears and talked about them, they regained their motor skills back.
Dreams - people experience unconscious wishes in their dreams - often disguised in symbols. So he had his patients record their dreams and began to explore hidden messages.
He also thought hypnosis could uncover these unconscious thoughts, but later abandoned this because many people later denied the things they said while under hypnosis.
Freud believed that the mind has three basic psychological structures.

4. The id is like a stereotypical 2 old kid who wants everything.
The Id wants things now.
Represents basic drives such as hunger, thirst, sex.
Id wants instant gratification with no concern of rules, laws, etc.
Present at birth
The id is like a stereotypical 2 old kid who wants everything.
Freud called the Pleasure Principle - the urge for an immediate release of energy or emotion that will bring personal gratification, relief or pleasure

5. Develops throughout childhood Moral principle
Acts as a conscience, & floods the ego with shame & guilt.
It incorporates standards and values of may be our parents. It acts as our conscience.

6. “The ego stands for reason & good sense” Freud
Guided by the reality principle.
Ego must balance the Id & the Super Ego to provide healthy mental thought.
Unlike the Id that comes at birth, the EGO develops because a child’s demands for instant gratification cannot be met or because meeting these demands may be harmful.
Reality Principle - the understanding that in the real world cannot always get what we want.
The superego floods the Ego with thoughts of guilt and shame when we think or do something that society defines as wrong.
Example: the ego would block an impulse to cheat on an exam because of concerns about getting caught, and it would substitute the resolution to study harder the next time or ask the teacher for help. When the id and superego are in conflict, the ego arranges a compromise that at least partially satisfies both.
Freud - People with healthy egos & thus healthy personalities, find ways to balance the ids demands and the superegos warnings.

7. When the inner war gets out of hand, the result is Anxiety
Ego protects itself via Defense Mechanisms
B. Defense Mechanisms - methods the ego uses to avoid recognizing ideas or emotions that may cause personal anxiety
According to Freud defense mechanism are methods the ego uses to avoid recognizing ideas or emotions that may cause personal anxiety. These defenses unconsciously.

8. Removes anxiety causing ideas by pushing them into the unconscious.
1. Repression
Removes anxiety causing ideas by pushing them into the unconscious.
Keeps the lid on the kettle
One of the main defense mechanisms in psychoanalytic theory is repression.
Blocking out painful feelings
Freud compared personalities to teakettles. Primitive urges, such as agression, seek expression, just like steam tries to escape from a boiling kettle. But recognizing these urges would cause a person serious feelings of guilt, anxiety, and shame. Therefore, repression tries to keep the lid on the boiling kettle.
Repression, however is not always successful. When enough steam builds up inside, the teakettle pops its lid. When people pop their lids, the results are outbursts of anger and the development of other psychological and emotional problems.

9. 2. Rationalization 3. Displacement
Distortion of anxious ideas or thoughts.
The use of self-deception to justify unacceptable behavior or ideas
3. Displacement
The transfer of an idea or impulse from a threatening or unsuitable object to a less threatening one.
Other defense mechanisms protect us from unacceptable ideas in a different manner. They do not completely repress such ideas, but they distort them in one way or another. Rationalization is one of them.
Example - A student who cheats during a test may explain, “I only cheated on a couple of questions.
Displacement -
Example - A football player who is yelled at by his coach may go home and yell at his letter brother.
A Person who has lost their job, and takes out on anyone who may encounter him.

10. 4. Regression 5. Projection
• Return to a behavior that is a characteristic of an earlier stage of life.
5. Projection
• People see their own faults in other people.
Ex. Mean people may be unable to see themselves as mean, but they project a mean image on others & perceive their surroundings as dangerous.
Regression
Freud believed that when an individual is under a great deal of stress he or she will return to behavior that is characteristic of an earlier stage of development.
Example. An adolescent may pout and refuse to speak to her parents when forbidden to go out with friends. Similarly, an adult may become highly dependent on his parents following the breakup of his own marriage.
Projection - Freud believed that people may project unacceptable impulses or thoughts outward onto other people, like a film projector does onto a screen. In other words, people see their own faults in other people.
Example: you might hate someone, but your superego tells you that such hatred is unacceptable.  You can 'solve' the problem by believing that they hate you.
Example. Corporate executive who rose to power by ruthless ambition may project the ruthlessness on her colleagues. She then believes she’s just doing her job.
Example: hostile people, unable to think of themselves as hostile, may accuse other people of hostility. As a result of this PROJECTION, they may think of the world a dangerous place.
Example: Also - being passed up for a promotion, you may deny that you are angry, but is certain that your supervisor is angry with you.

11. 6. Denial 7. Reaction Formation
• Refusing to accept the reality of anything bad or upsetting.
Ex. Smokers may deny the
threat of lung cancer.
7. Reaction Formation
• Act opposite of their true feelings in order to hide true feelings.
Ex. Being mean or picking on someone you actually like.
v Denial - Denial involves blocking external events from awareness.  If some situation is just too much to handle, the person just refuses to experience it. For example, smokers may refuse to admit to themselves that smoking is bad for their health. They cite that one person they know who smokes and is 90 years old.
V Reaction Formula - This is where a person goes beyond denial and behaves in the opposite way to which he or she thinks or feels. By using the reaction formation the id is satisfied while keeping the ego in ignorance of the true motives.  Conscious feelings are the opposite of the unconscious.  Love - hate.
By doing this, the person may keep the impulses out of mind by being mean to that person
Exaggeration is a clue to this behavior. Example: A person who praises a rival extravagantly may be covering up jealousy about his opponent’s success.
Example: A parent who feels unsure about their parenting may spend a disproportionate amount of time to his children in attempt to prove to himself that he is a good father

12. 8. Sublimation • Channeling basic impulses into socially
acceptable behavior
Ex. a hostile student may channel their aggressive impulses into football.
A Hostile student may channel aggressive impulses into contact sports.
Example: Boxing is an example. A person may take out their aggressions from their boss by boxing or just working out.
Also - a child who’s parents never gave them any attention, may enjoy acting because they are always on stage, getting the attention they need.

13. 9. Compensation
• Striving to make up for unconscious impulses or fears
Ex. Business executive’s extreme competitiveness might be aimed at compensating for unconscious feeling of inferiority.
Compensation - People overachieve in one area to compensate for failures in another.
Example: A student who is not very good in sports, may compensate by becoming a great scholar.
There is a pejorative term that describes the psychological condition in short people called the Napoleon complex. It means that shorter people may try to make up for their short stature by being overaggressive or domineering. It comes from the folklore that Napoleon compensated for his lack of height by seeking power and seeking to rule Europe.
Effects of Defense Mechanism - According to Freud, when used in moderation, defense mechanisms may be normal and even useful to protect people from painful feelings such as anxiety, guilt, and shame. They become UNHEALTHY when they lead a person to ignore the underlying issues causing those feelings.
HOWEVER - he also said that a healthy ego is able to balance the id and the superego without the use of such mechanisms. Therefore, the use of defense mechanisms may indicate the presence of inner conflict or personal anxiety.

14. Your ex-spouse, who cheated on you, writes a best-selling nonfiction book arguing that human beings are not naturally monogamous and have an instinctive need for variety.
It’s time to play, Name that Defense Mechanism!!!

15. Your psychology teacher, who smokes a pack of cigarettes every day, “forgets” to list nicotine on a handout you receive in class that lists addictive substances and drugs of abuse.

16. You are in love with your best friend’s new flame
You are in love with your best friend’s new flame. The friendship is an old one and very valuable to you. You tell everybody that your friend’s new love interest is a terrible human being and you don’t understand the attraction at all.

17. Your boss yells at you. You come home and yell at your spouse
Your boss yells at you. You come home and yell at your spouse. Your spouse yells at your child. Your child goes out to the yard and yells at the dog.