Why the Nervous, Sensory, and Locomotor Systems Matter

Why the Nervous, Sensory, and Locomotor Systems Matter
Figure Why the Nervous, Sensory, and Locomotor Systems Matter Figure Why the nervous, sensory, and locomotor systems matter

Figure a Figure a Why the nervous, sensory, and locomotor systems matter (part 1: chronic traumatic encephalopathy)

Figure b Figure b Why the nervous, sensory, and locomotor systems matter (part 2: rigor mortis) matter

Figure c Figure c Why the nervous, sensory, and locomotor systems matter (part 3: hearing loss)

Chapter Thread: Extrahuman Senses
Figure Figure Extrahuman senses: feeling the waves Chapter Thread: Extrahuman Senses

Supporting cell Nucleus Myelin sheath Axon (nerve fiber)
Figure 27.1 Signal direction Dendrites Cell body Signal pathway Synaptic terminals Supporting cell Figure 27.1 Structure of a neuron Nucleus Myelin sheath Axon (nerve fiber)

SENSORY INPUT Stimulus (in skin) Sensory neuron Figure 27.2-s1
Figure 27.2-s1 Organization of a nervous system (step 1)

SENSORY INPUT INTEGRATION Stimulus (in skin) Sensory neuron
Figure 27.2-s2 SENSORY INPUT Stimulus (in skin) INTEGRATION Sensory neuron Interneuron Figure 27.2-s2 Organization of a nervous system (step 2) Brain and spinal cord Central nervous system (CNS)

SENSORY INPUT INTEGRATION MOTOR OUTPUT Stimulus (in skin) Sensory
Figure 27.2-s3 SENSORY INPUT Stimulus (in skin) INTEGRATION Sensory neuron Interneuron MOTOR OUTPUT Figure 27.2-s3 Organization of a nervous system (step 3) Motor neuron Brain and spinal cord Response (in muscles) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS)

Stimulus (in skin) Figure 27.2-1
Figure Organization of a nervous system (part 1: stimulus)

Response (in muscles) Figure 27.2-2
Figure Organization of a nervous system (part 2: response) Response (in muscles)

Neuron interior 1 2 4 3 Figure 27.3
Figure 27.3 Generation of an action potential 4 3

first set of ion channels; if threshold is reached,
Figure Neuron interior Figure Generation of an action potential (part 1: action potential triggered) 1 2 Resting potential A stimulus opens the first set of ion channels; if threshold is reached, an action potential is triggered.

3 4 Additional channels open; in that region of
Figure 3 4 Additional channels open; in that region of the neuron, the interior of the cell becomes more positive than the outside. The first set of channels closes and inactivates; a second set of channels opens and positive ions rush out; the membrane returns to resting potential. Figure Generation of an action potential (part 2: reversal of polarity)

1 2 3 Axon Action potential Action potential Action potential Action
Figure 27.4 Axon 1 Action potential Action potential 2 Action potential Action potential Figure 27.4 Propagation of an action potential along an axon Action potential 3 Action potential

1 Action potential Action potential Figure 27.4-1
Figure Propagation of an action potential along an axon (part 1)

2 Action potential Action potential Figure 27.4-2

3 Action Action potential potential Figure 27.4-3

1 2 3 5 6 4 Figure 27.5 Synaptic terminal of sending neuron
Dendrite of receiving neuron SYNAPSE Sending neuron 1 Action potential arrives. Vesicles Neurotransmitter Receptor Synaptic terminal Ions 2 Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane. 3 Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft Figure 27.5 Neuron communication at a synaptic cleft Synaptic cleft 5 Ion channel opens and triggers or inhibits a new action potential. 6 Ion channel closes. Neurotransmitter is either broken down, as shown, or transported back into the sending neuron. 4 Neuro- transmitter binds to receptor. Neurotransmitter molecules Ion channels Receiving neuron

Synaptic terminal of sending Dendrite of neuron receiving neuron
Figure Synaptic terminal of sending neuron Dendrite of receiving neuron Figure Neuron communication at a synaptic cleft (part 1)

Sending 1 Action neuron Vesicles potential arrives. Synaptic terminal
Figure s1 Sending neuron 1 Action potential arrives. Vesicles Synaptic terminal Figure s1 Neuron communication at a synaptic cleft (part 2, step 1) Synaptic cleft Receiving neuron

Figure s2 Sending neuron 1 Action potential arrives. Vesicles Synaptic terminal 2 Vesicle fuses. Figure s2 Neuron communication at a synaptic cleft (part 2, step 2) Synaptic cleft Receiving neuron

Figure s3 Sending neuron 1 Action potential arrives. Vesicles Synaptic terminal 2 Vesicle fuses. 3 Neurotransmitter released. Figure s3 Neuron communication at a synaptic cleft (part 2, step 3) Synaptic cleft Receiving neuron

Figure s4 Sending neuron 1 Action potential arrives. Vesicles Synaptic terminal 2 Vesicle fuses. 3 Neurotransmitter released. Figure s4 Neuron communication at a synaptic cleft (part 2, step 4) Synaptic cleft 4 Receiving neuron Neurotransmitter binds to receptor.

Neurotransmitter Receptor Ions 5 Ion channel opens and triggers or
Figure s1 Neurotransmitter Receptor Ions Figure s1 Neuron communication at a synaptic cleft (part 3, step 1) 5 Ion channel opens and triggers or inhibits a new action potential.

Neurotransmitter Receptor Ions 5 6 Ion channel opens and triggers or
Figure s2 Neurotransmitter Receptor Ions Figure s2 Neuron communication at a synaptic cleft (part 3, step 2) 5 6 Ion channel opens and triggers or inhibits a new action potential. Ion channel closes. Neurotransmitter is either broken down, as shown, or transported back into the sending neuron.

Dendrites Myelin sheath Receiving cell body Axon Synaptic terminals
Figure 27.6 Dendrites Myelin sheath Receiving cell body Axon Synaptic terminals Figure 27.6 A neuron’s multiple synaptic inputs SEM

Synaptic terminals SEM Figure 27.6-1
Figure A neuron’s multiple synaptic inputs (part 1: SEM) SEM

Brain Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Figure 27.7 Brain Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Spinal cord Figure 27.7 A vertebrate nervous system (back view)

Spinal cord (cross section)
Figure 27.8 Brain Cerebrospinal fluid Meninges Figure 27.8 Fluid-filled spaces of the vertebrate CNS Spinal cord (cross section) Spinal cord

Autonomic nervous system Control of skeletal muscle
Figure 27.9 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Motor system (voluntary) Autonomic nervous system (involuntary) Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division Figure 27.9 Functional divisions of the vertebrate PNS Control of skeletal muscle “Rest and Digest” “Fight or flight”

Control of skeletal muscle
Figure Motor system (voluntary) Figure Functional divisions of the vertebrate PNS (part 1: motor) Control of skeletal muscle

Autonomic nervous system (involuntary): parasympathetic division
Figure Autonomic nervous system (involuntary): parasympathetic division Figure Functional divisions of the vertebrate PNS (part 2: parasympathetic) “Rest and Digest”

Autonomic nervous system (involuntary): sympathetic division
Figure Autonomic nervous system (involuntary): sympathetic division Figure Functional divisions of the vertebrate PNS (part 3: sympathetic) “Fight or flight”

Cerebrum Cerebral cortex Hypothalamus Pituitary gland
Figure 27.10 Cerebrum Cerebral cortex Hypothalamus Pituitary gland (secretes hormones) Cerebellum Figure Some major parts of the human brain Midbrain Spinal cord Pons Brainstem Medulla oblongata

Cerebrum Cerebral cortex
Figure Cerebrum Performs sophisticated integration Cerebral cortex Outer layer of the cerebrum: involved in memory, learning, speech, emotions; formulates complex behavioral responses Figure Some major parts of the human brain (part 1: functions, cerebrum and cerebral cortex)

Hypothalamus Cerebellum
Figure Hypothalamus Regulates autonomic nervous system; serves as homeostatic control center; controls pituitary gland; acts as biological clock Cerebellum Coordinates body movement Figure Some major parts of the human brain (part 2: functions, hypothalamus and cerebellum)

visual reflexes; sends circulation, swallowing,
Figure Midbrain Receives and integrates auditory data; coordinates visual reflexes; sends sensory data to higher brain centers Brainstem Consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata; regulates vital functions such as breathing; serves as sensory and motor filter for other parts of the brain Pons Controls breathing Figure Some major parts of the human brain (part 3: functions, brainstem) Medulla oblongata Controls breathing, circulation, swallowing, digestion

Left cerebral Right cerebral hemisphere hemisphere Corpus callosum
Figure 27.11 Left cerebral hemisphere Right cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Figure A rear view of the brain Cerebellum Medulla oblongata

Frontal lobe Parietal lobe x e t r o c y cortex r o Somato- sensory
Figure 27.12 Frontal lobe Parietal lobe x e t r o c y cortex r o Somato- sensory association area Frontal association area s r n o e t s Speech o o t M a m Taste o Reading S Speech Hearing Visual association area Smell Figure Functional areas of the cerebrum’s left hemisphere Auditory association area Vision Temporal lobe Occipital lobe

The railroad spike removed from Gage’s brain The railroad spike
Figure 27.13 The railroad spike removed from Gage’s brain The railroad spike entered Gage’s left cheek and exited through his skull. Figure Phineas Gage’s accident

The railroad spike entered Gage’s left cheek and exited
Figure The railroad spike entered Gage’s left cheek and exited through his skull. Figure Phineas Gage’s accident (part 1: computer simulation)

The railroad spike removed from Gage’s brain Figure 27.13-2
Figure Phineas Gage’s accident (part 2: photo)

Figure 27.14 Figure Hemispherectomy

Area of decreased brain activity Depressed person Healthy person
Figure 27.15 Area of decreased brain activity Depressed person Figure Brain activity in a depressed person and a healthy person Healthy person

Area of decreased brain activity Depressed person Figure 27.15-1
Figure Brain activity in a depressed person and a healthy person (part 1: depressed person) Area of decreased brain activity Depressed person

Healthy person Figure 27.15-2
Figure Brain activity in a depressed person and a healthy person (part 2: healthy person) Healthy person

Receptor 1 Sugar Membrane molecule of sensory (stimulus) receptor cell
Figure 27.16 Receptor 1 Sugar molecule (stimulus) Membrane of sensory receptor cell Signal transduction pathway 2 Ion channels Sugar molecule 3 Sensory receptor cell Sensory receptor cells Taste bud Ion Receptor potential Figure Converting a chemical stimulus to an electrical signal in a human taste bud 4 Neurotransmitters Action potential (to brain) Sensory neuron Sensory neuron

Sugar molecule Sensory Taste receptor bud cells Sensory neuron
Figure Sugar molecule Sensory receptor cells Taste bud Figure Converting a chemical stimulus to an electrical signal in a human taste bud (part 1) Sensory neuron

Sugar Receptor molecule (stimulus) Membrane of sensory receptor cell
Figure s1 1 Sugar molecule (stimulus) Receptor Membrane of sensory receptor cell Sensory receptor cell Figure s1 Converting a chemical stimulus to an electrical signal in a human taste bud (part 2, step 1)

Figure s2 1 Sugar molecule (stimulus) Receptor Membrane of sensory receptor cell Signal transduction pathway 2 Sensory receptor cell Figure s2 Converting a chemical stimulus to an electrical signal in a human taste bud (part 2, step 2)

Figure s3 1 Sugar molecule (stimulus) Receptor Membrane of sensory receptor cell Signal transduction pathway 2 Ion channels 3 Sensory receptor cell Ion Receptor potential Figure s3 Converting a chemical stimulus to an electrical signal in a human taste bud (part 2, step 3)

Figure s4 1 Sugar molecule (stimulus) Receptor Membrane of sensory receptor cell Signal transduction pathway 2 Ion channels 3 Sensory receptor cell Ion Receptor potential Figure s4 Converting a chemical stimulus to an electrical signal in a human taste bud (part 2, step 4) 4 Neurotransmitters Action potential (to brain) Sensory neuron

Heat Light touch Pain Cold (Hair) Epidermis Hair movement Dermis
Figure 27.17 Heat Light touch Pain Cold (Hair) Epidermis Hair movement Figure Sensory receptors in the human skin Dermis Strong pressure Nerve to CNS

Sclera (white of the eye) Pigmented layer Cornea (transparent) Retina
Figure 27.18 Sclera (white of the eye) Pigmented layer Cornea (transparent) Retina (contains photoreceptors) Iris (colored part of eye) Optic nerve Pupil Figure The path of light to the retina Lens Fluid Blind spot (no photoreceptors)

Near vision Muscle contracted Ligaments slacken Retina Light from a
Figure 27.19 Near vision Muscle contracted Ligaments slacken Retina Light from a near object Lens Distance vision Muscle relaxed Figure How the lens of the eye focuses light Ligaments pull on lens Light from a distant object

Rod Membranous Synaptic disks containing terminals Cell
Figure 27.20 Rod Synaptic terminals Membranous disks containing visual pigments Cell body Cone Figure Photoreceptor cells

Retina Neurons Photoreceptors Cone Rod Optic nerve fibers Retina Optic
Figure 27.21 Retina Neurons Photoreceptors Cone Rod Optic nerve fibers Retina Figure Photoreceptors stimulated by light transmit electrical signals to the optic nerve Optic nerve To brain

Figure 27.22 Figure Detecting the blind spot

(a) A nearsighted eye (eyeball too long)
Figure 27.23 Distant objects blurry Shape of normal eyeball Close objects blurry Shape of normal eyeball Point of focus in front of retina Lens Point of focus behind retina Retina Figure A nearsighted eye and a farsighted eye Corrective lens Corrective lens Point of focus on retina Point of focus on retina (a) A nearsighted eye (eyeball too long) (b) A farsighted eye (eyeball too short)

(a) A nearsighted eye (eyeball too long)
Figure Distant objects blurry Shape of normal eyeball Point of focus in front of retina Lens Retina Corrective lens Point of focus on retina Figure A nearsighted eye and a farsighted eye (part 1: nearsighted eye) (a) A nearsighted eye (eyeball too long)

(b) A farsighted eye (eyeball too short)
Figure Close objects blurry Shape of normal eyeball Point of focus behind retina Corrective lens Figure A nearsighted eye and a farsighted eye (part 2: farsighted eye) Point of focus on retina (b) A farsighted eye (eyeball too short)

3 4 1 2 Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear Hammer Pinna Auditory canal
Figure 27.24 Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear Hammer Pinna 3 4 1 Figure How sound travels to the cochlea 2 Auditory canal Eardrum Anvil Stirrup Cochlea

To auditory nerve and brain
Figure 27.25 Cross section through cochlea Bone Fluid Auditory nerve Organ of Corti Overlying membrane Hair cells Supporting cells Figure The organ of Corti Sensory neurons Basilar membrane To auditory nerve and brain

Cross section through cochlea Bone Fluid Auditory nerve Organ of Corti
Figure Cross section through cochlea Bone Fluid Auditory nerve Figure The organ of Corti (part 1: cochlea cross section) Organ of Corti

To auditory nerve and brain
Figure Overlying membrane Hair cells Supporting cells Sensory neurons Figure The organ of Corti (part 2: organ of Corti) Basilar membrane To auditory nerve and brain Organ of Corti

A less intense sound produces smaller waves.
Figure 27.26 Intensity of sound Low amplitude  soft High amplitude  loud Amplitude Amplitude Pressure Pressure Time Time A less intense sound produces smaller waves. A more intense sound produces larger waves. The pitch of sound Low frequency  low pitch High frequency  high pitch Figure The characteristics of sound affect how we perceive volume and pitch One vibration One vibration Pressure Pressure Time Time Low-frequency sounds cause hair cells deep in the inner ear to vibrate. High-frequency sounds cause hair cells at the entrance of the inner ear to vibrate.

A less intense sound produces smaller waves.
Figure Low amplitude  soft Amplitude Pressure Time Figure The characteristics of sound affect how we perceive volume and pitch (part 1: low amplitude) A less intense sound produces smaller waves.

A more intense sound produces larger waves.
Figure High amplitude  loud Amplitude Pressure Time Figure The characteristics of sound affect how we perceive volume and pitch (part 2: high amplitude) A more intense sound produces larger waves.

Low frequency  low pitch
Figure Low frequency  low pitch One vibration Pressure Time Figure The characteristics of sound affect how we perceive volume and pitch (part 3: low frequency) Low-frequency sounds cause hair cells deep in the inner ear to vibrate.

High frequency  high pitch
Figure High frequency  high pitch One vibration Pressure Time Figure The characteristics of sound affect how we perceive volume and pitch (part 4: high frequency) High-frequency sounds cause hair cells at the entrance of the inner ear to vibrate.

Metacarpals Carpals Phalanges Radius Ulna Skull Humerus Clavicle
Figure 27.27 Metacarpals Carpals Phalanges Radius Ulna Skull Humerus Clavicle Scapula Shoulder girdle Sternum Ribs Vertebra Pelvic girdle Femur Figure The human endoskeleton Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Metacarpals Carpals Phalanges Radius Ulna Skull Humerus Clavicle
Figure Metacarpals Carpals Phalanges Radius Ulna Skull Humerus Clavicle Scapula Shoulder girdle Figure The human endoskeleton (part 1: upper half) Sternum Ribs Vertebra

Pelvic girdle Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
Figure Pelvic girdle Femur Patella Tibia Figure The human endoskeleton (part 2: lower half) Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

(example: shoulder with
Figure 27.28 JOINTS Ball-and-socket (example: shoulder with movement in several directions) Hinge (example: elbow with movement in a single direction) Pivot (example: elbow with partial rotation) Head of humerus Humerus Figure Three kinds of joints Ulna Ulna Radius Scapula

(example: shoulder with
Figure Ball-and-socket (example: shoulder with movement in several directions) Head of humerus Figure Three kinds of joints (part 1: ball-and-socket) Scapula

Hinge (example: elbow with movement in a single direction)
Figure Hinge (example: elbow with movement in a single direction) Humerus Figure Three kinds of joints (part 2: hinge) Ulna

Pivot (example: elbow with partial rotation)
Figure Pivot (example: elbow with partial rotation) Figure Three kinds of joints (part 3: pivot) Ulna Radius

Cartilage Spongy bone (contains red bone marrow) Compact bone
Figure 27.29 Cartilage Spongy bone (contains red bone marrow) Compact bone Central cavity Yellow bone marrow Figure The structure of an arm bone Fibrous connective tissue Blood vessels Cartilage

Figure 27.30 Tibia Calf muscle Fibula Figure Broken bone

Tendon Biceps contracted Biceps relaxed Triceps relaxed Triceps
Figure 27.31 Tendon Biceps contracted Biceps relaxed Figure Antagonistic action of muscles in the human arm Triceps relaxed Triceps contracted Tendon

Figure 27.32 The contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle Sarcomere
Nuclei Bundle of muscle fibers Single muscle fiber (cell) Myofibril Light band Light band Dark band Figure The contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle Sarcomere TEM Light band Light band Dark band Thick filaments (myosin) Thin filaments (actin) Sarcomere

Muscle Nuclei Bundle of muscle fibers Single muscle fiber (cell)
Figure Muscle Nuclei Figure The contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle (part 1: muscle to muscle fiber) Bundle of muscle fibers Single muscle fiber (cell)

Single muscle fiber (cell) Myofibril Light band Light band Dark band
Figure Single muscle fiber (cell) Myofibril Light band Light band Dark band Figure The contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle (part 2: muscle fiber to sarcomere TEM) Sarcomere TEM

Dark band Thick filaments (myosin) Thin filaments (actin) Sarcomere
Figure TEM Light band Light band Dark band Thick filaments (myosin) Figure The contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle (part 3: sarcomere TEM and filaments schematic) Thin filaments (actin) Sarcomere

Figure TEM Figure The contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle (part 4: sarcomere TEM)

Sarcomere Dark band Relaxed muscle Contracting muscle Contracted
Figure 27.33 Sarcomere Dark band Relaxed muscle Contracting muscle Figure The sliding-filament model of muscle contraction Contracted muscle

ATP binds to a myosin head, which is
Figure 27.34 Thick filament (myosin) Myosin head (high-energy configuration) Myosin head (low-energy configuration) Thin filament (actin) ATP ATP ADP P 1 ATP binds to a myosin head, which is then released from an actin filament. 2 The breakdown of ATP cocks the myosin head. Figure The mechanism of filament sliding 3 4 The myosin head attaches to an actin binding site. The power stroke slides the actin (thin) filament toward the center of the sarcomere. 5 As long as ATP is available, the process can be repeated until the muscle is fully contracted.

1 ATP binds to a myosin head, which is
Figure Thick filament (myosin) Myosin head (low-energy configuration) ATP Thin filament (actin) Figure The mechanism of filament sliding (part 1: myosin head released) 1 ATP binds to a myosin head, which is then released from an actin filament.

2 The breakdown of ATP cocks the myosin head. Thick filament (myosin)
Figure Thick filament (myosin) Myosin head (high-energy configuration) ATP ADP P Figure The mechanism of filament sliding (part 2: myosin head cocked) 2 The breakdown of ATP cocks the myosin head.

3 The myosin head attaches to an actin binding site.
Figure Thick filament (myosin) Figure The mechanism of filament sliding (part 3: myosin head attaches) 3 The myosin head attaches to an actin binding site.

4 5 The power stroke slides the actin
Figure Thick filament (myosin) 4 The power stroke slides the actin (thin) filament toward the center of the sarcomere. Figure The mechanism of filament sliding (part 4: power stroke) 5 As long as ATP is available, the process can be repeated until the muscle is fully contracted.

Spinal cord Motor unit 1 Motor unit 2 Nerve Motor neuron cell body
Figure 27.35 Spinal cord Motor unit 1 Motor unit 2 Nerve Motor neuron cell body Motor neuron axon Nuclei Synaptic terminals Muscle fibers (cells) Muscle Figure The relationship between motor neurons and muscle fibers Tendon Bone

South American species
Figure 27.36 South American species African species Ion channel genes Nonelectric fish Electric fish Electric fish Gene a Functions in muscles Functions in electric organ (mutant variant 1) Functions in electric organ (mutant variant 2) Figure Duplication of a gene Gene b Functions in muscles Functions in muscles Functions in muscles

Figure 27.37 Figure The nervous, sensory, and locomotor systems in action

Figure 27.38 Figure A European kestrel: a bird with UV vision

Figure 27.UN01 INTEGRATION Figure 27.UN01 In-text figure, integration, p. 581

SENSORY INPUT Figure 27.UN02
Figure 27.UN02 In-text figure, sensory input, p. 587

Figure 27.UN03 Figure 27.UN03 In-text figure, motor output, p. 593 MOTOR OUTPUT

Myelin (speeds signal transmission) Synaptic terminal
Figure 27.UN04 Incoming signal Figure 27.UN04 Summary of key concepts: neurons Dendrites Cell body Axon Myelin (speeds signal transmission) Synaptic terminal

SENSORY INPUT INTEGRATION MOTOR OUTPUT Sensory receptor Responding
Figure 27.UN05 Sensory receptor SENSORY INPUT INTEGRATION Responding cells MOTOR OUTPUT Figure 27.UN05 Summary of key concepts: nervous system organization Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS)

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
Figure 27.UN06 NERVOUS SYSTEM Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Brain Spinal cord: nerve bundle that communicates with body Motor system: voluntary control over muscles Autonomic nervous system: involuntary control over organs Parasympathetic division: rest and digest Figure 27.UN06 Summary of key concepts: CNS and PNS Sympathetic division: fight or flight

BRAIN Brainstem: regulates vital body functions; filters motor and
Figure 27.UN07 BRAIN Brainstem: regulates vital body functions; filters motor and sensory input; consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata Cerebellum: plans and coordinates body movements Hypothalamus: regulates hormones affecting many body functions; internal timekeeping Cerebrum: integrates complex information; controls personality, emotion, voluntary movement; interprets sensory information; consists of cerebral cortex and outer layer of cerebrum, which are responsible for sophisticated thinking Figure 27.UN07 Summary of key concepts: the human brain

Sensory receptor cell Sensory neuron Action potential CNS
Figure 27.UN08 Sensory receptor cell Receptor potential Sensory neuron Action potential Stimulus CNS Figure 27.UN08 Summary of key concepts: sensory input

Organ of Corti (inside cochlea)
Figure 27.UN09 Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear Figure 27.UN09 Summary of key concepts: hearing Eardrum Bones Organ of Corti (inside cochlea)

Low-frequency waves characteristic of sleep
Figure 27.UN10 Brain activity at second measurement (after 1 hour) Brain activity at first measurement Location Left hemisphere Right hemisphere Figure 27.UN10 Process of science, question 13 (bottlenose dolphin adaptation) Key Low-frequency waves characteristic of sleep High-frequency waves characteristic of wakefulness

Why the Nervous, Sensory, and Locomotor Systems Matter

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Why the Nervous, Sensory, and Locomotor Systems Matter

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