1. AP U.S. Government Stater March 26, 2019
Review Session #1
AP U.S. Government
Stater
March 26, 2019

2. Exam Format
MC & FRQ

3. 55 Questions | 1 Hour, 20 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score
Section 1 – Multiple Choice
55 Questions | 1 Hour, 20 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score
Quantitative Analysis: Analysis and application of quantitative-based source material
Qualitative Analysis: Analysis and application of text-based (primary and secondary) sources
Visual Analysis: Analysis and application of qualitative visual information
Concept Application: Explanation of the application of political concepts in context
Comparison: Explanation of the similarities and differences of political concepts
Knowledge: Identification and definition of political principles, institutions, processes, policies, and behaviors

4. 4 Questions | 1 Hour, 40 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score
Section 2 – Free Response
4 Questions | 1 Hour, 40 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score
Concept Application: Respond to a political scenario, explaining how it relates to a political principle, institution, process, policy, or behavior
Quantitative Analysis: Analyze quantitative data, identify a trend or pattern, draw a conclusion for the visual representation, and explain how it relates to a political principle, institution, process, policy, or behavior
SCOTUS Comparison: Compare a nonrequired Supreme Court case with a required Supreme Court case, explaining how information from the required case is relevant to that in the nonrequired one
Argument Essay: Develop an argument in the form of an essay, using evidence from one or more required foundational documents

5. Important memorization
Know the main ideas of the 9 required foundational documents
Know the 15 required court cases and the constitutional principles associated with them
Know the main subjects of the articles of the Constitution, the key clauses, the Bill of Rights, and other key amendments
Vocab, vocab, vocab!!!

6. Key Court Cases to Review for Unit 1
Marbury v. Madison
McCulloch v. Maryland
Gibbons v. Ogden
United States v. Lopez

7. The Policymaking System & Democratic Theories
Introductory material

8. The Policymaking System

9. Key Democratic Concepts
Consent of the governed
Direct v. representative democracy
Majority rule and minority rights.

10. Participatory Democracy
Emphasizes broad participation in politics and civil society
Most or all citizens participate in politics directly
Forms of participation?

11. Pluralist Theory Elite & Class Theory
Interest groups organize and compete to influence policy.
Optimistic outlook – compromise
Wealth is the basis of power – the rich can finance campaigns and control key corporations
Negative outlook

12. Hyperpluralism
Pluralism gone wrong!
Too many groups with too much power weaken government

13. The U.S. Constitution
Background & The Document

14. Declaration of Independence
1776, Thomas Jefferson
“Break up letter” influenced by Locke
A justification for wanting to leave Britain
Gov’t must protect natural (“unalienable”) rights, and Britain wasn’t doing this
List of grievances against King George (taxation without representation, forced quartering of soldiers, cutting off trade, denial of procedural rights, etc.)
We tried to warn you but you wouldn’t change your ways… so peace out

15. Influence of John Locke
English philosopher
Natural rights – life, liberty, property
Consent of the governed – a gov’t derives its authority from its people
Limited government – a gov’t’s authority must be limited to protect people’s natural rights

16. The Articles of Confederation
First constitution of the U.S.
One house national legislature with power to maintain army/navy
Each state had one vote – needed 9/13 to pass a law and 13/13 to amend the AOC
Most authority – state legislatures
Major issue: very weak national gov’t
Congress had no power to tax or regulate commerce

17. Shays’ Rebellion
Farmers attacked courthouses to keep judges from foreclosing on farms
Nat’l gov’t had no power to stop it
Showed weakness of Articles

18. Constitutional Convention: 1787, Philadelphia, PA
Upper-class, educated men who agreed on most major goals
Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise):
Combined Virginia Plan (proportional representation) & New Jersey plan (equal rep.)
Bicameral legislature

19. Constitutional Convention (cont’d)
Three-Fifths Compromise:
Slaves would count as 3/5 of a person when counting population for representation & taxation
The new constitution would create a stronger national government and clearly list powers and rights

20. Federalists v. Antifederalists

21. Federalist Papers
85 articles defending the Constitution by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison
Federalist 10:
Argued for a large republic to help control factions (Madison)
Federalist 51:
Argued for separation of powers & checks and balances (Madison)

22. Federalist Papers: 10
Warned of the dangers of factions: can’t be prevented without destroying liberty
Minority factions are controlled through elections
A large republic (not a direct democracy) is the best way to keep majority factions in check
Elected representatives help reflect the public good 51
Justified separation of powers
Checks and balances are best way to “counteract ambition”
Legislature is most powerful branch and must be weakened through bicameralism
Executive is weak and must be fortified (veto power)
Federalism is an added level of security

23. Brutus 1 Anti-federalist view
Powerful central government is dangerous, and the 13 states should not be united into one great republic (threat to liberty)
In a large republic, the public good is at jeopardy, representatives wouldn’t know their people (or we would need way too many), there would be too many clashing opinions (the states are too different), and officials could too easily abuse their power

24. Ratification of the Constitution
Bill of Rights (1st 10 Amendments) added to persuade Antifeds
Ratified by special conventions in each state in 1787
Only needed 9 out of 13 states

25. The Constitutional Republic
The framers of the Constitution established a republic:
Consent of the governed (Locke)
Power is exercised by representatives of the public
Madison was concerned about the tyranny of the majority
Only officials that the people could directly elect were the members of the House of Representatives (until 17th Amendment)

26. The Constitutional Republic
System of checks and balances and separation of powers:
3 branches of government
No single one could dominate
Set power against power (branches intertwined)
Know examples!!!
Power divided between nat’l gov’t and states as another check (federalism!)

27. The Madisonian System
Encourages moderation and compromise, and slows change.

29. The Constitution
Preamble … “We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union…”
7 articles
27 Amendments

30. Article I
Legislative Branch
Section 8 – Enumerated Powers

31. Article II
Executive Branch

32. Article III
Judicial Branch

33. Article IV States’ Relations Full Faith & Credit Clause
Privileges & Immunities Clause
Extradition

34. Article V
Amendment Process

36. Article VI
Supremacy Clause
Oath of office – no religious test

37. Article VII
Ratification process
9 out of 13 states

38. Informal Constitutional Changes
Judicial interpretation
Political practice
Ex: two-party system
Technological advances
Changes in expectations of gov’t

39. Federalism
Constitutional Basis and Types

40. In United States v. Lopez, the U. S
In United States v. Lopez, the U.S. Supreme Court scrutinized the use of which of the following powers as related to the possession of firearms in public schools? a. educational b. national defense c. taxing d. commerce

41. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of federal block grants and categorical grants?
Block Grants
Categorical Grants A.
Let members of Congress control how to spend money in their districts
Give states control over how to spend federal money locally B.
Lead to loss of congressional oversight on spending grant money.
Require states or localities to meet certain criteria C.
Are used primarily to combat terrorism at the local level
Are available to state government but not city governments D.
Specify how the grant money is to be spent
Have declined in favor of block grants.

42. 3 Systems of Government Unitary Confederate Federal
Central gov’t holds primary authority
Confederate
Limited central gov’t; states are sovereign
Federal
Central & state gov’ts share powers

43. Constitutional Basis of Federalism
Supremacy Clause
Article VI
The law of the land:
The Constitution
National laws
Treaties

44. Types of Powers Enumerated (delegated/expressed): Implied:
Listed in Article I, Section 8: coin money, impose taxes, etc.
Implied:
Congress has power “to make all laws necessary and proper” for executing expressed powers

45. Types of Powers McCulloch v. Maryland:
Established supremacy of nat’l gov’t over states
Introduced notion of implied powers
Gibbons v. Ogden: (not a required case)
SCOTUS interpreted commerce clause very broadly
Expanded power of national gov’t
US v. Lopez:
Limited federal gov’s power under the commerce clause

46. Types of Powers Reserved: Concurrent:
Powers reserved to the states via the 10th Amendment
Ex: to conduct elections
Concurrent:
Powers shared by the state and federal gov’ts
Ex: to tax; to establish courts

47. Relations between States
Full Faith & Credit:
States must recognize other states’ official documents
Extradition:
States must return an accused criminal to the state in which they committed the crime for trial
Privileges & Immunities:
To keep states from discriminating against citizens from other states (same sales tax, same police protection)

48. Types of Federalism Cooperative (marble cake): Dual (layer cake):
States and federal gov’ts have separate & distinct powers with little overlap
Existed until about the 1930s
Cooperative (marble cake):
Powers often overlap
Major example: education

49. Types of Federalism Fiscal federalism:
A form of cooperative federalism in which state and federal gov’t interactions are based on spending, taxing, and providing grants
Federal $$ often comes with strings attached
Mandates (funded and unfunded) – states must comply with federal rules
Ex: ADA; Clean Air Act

50. Types of Grants Categorical:
Grant with a narrowly defined purpose & strings attached
Project:
Type of categorical grant awarded on the basis of competitive applications
Formula:
Type of categorical grant distributed according to a formula written into a law/rule (ex: child nutrition programs)
Block:
Money granted for a broad purpose (like social services); lots of state discretion

51. Devolution
Process of transferring certain federal powers back to the states
Became popular with Pres. Reagan and into the 90’s
Ex: Welfare Reform Act of 1996 (PRWORA)