1. Energy performance and Carbon emissions Assessment and Monitoring tool
Module 5: GHG emissions
What is included in ECAM?
TRAINING WORKSHOP
ECAM Tool:
Energy performance and Carbon emissions Assessment and Monitoring tool

2. Module 3: WaCCliM Roadmap
RECALL
Interrelation of climate change and the water cycle
Sources of GHG within the urban water cycle
Main steps of WaCCliM Roadmap
What ECAM can be used for
Difference between the initial and detailed assessment
Role of PIs and Variables
Module 3: WaCCliM Roadmap

3. Module 3: WaCCliM Roadmap
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Recognize the different types of emissions
Link the methodology of IPCC and the ECAM tool
Relate the system boundaries of a utility to the associated emissions
Optional: Analyze different units of performance indicators
Module 3: WaCCliM Roadmap

4. TYPES OF EMISSIONS Scope 2 Indirect Scope 1 direct Scope 3 Indirect
GHG
N2O CH CO2
CH4
Scope 2
Indirect
Scope 1
direct
Scope 3
Indirect
Electric energy
Fossil fuel combustion
Sewers or biological Wastewater treatment
Sludge transport
Effluent discharge
Collected but untreated
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

5. TYPES OF EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT
Greenhouse gases warm the Earth by absorbing energy and slowing the rate at which the energy escapes to space; they act like a blanket insulating the Earth
The Global Warming Potentials (GWP) have changed over time
IPCC Second assessment report (1995)
IPCC Fourth asessment report (2005)
IPCC Fifth assessment report (2013)
CO2 1
CH4 21 25 34
N2O
310
298
WaCCLiM prefers to use a conservative value. Remark different GWPs can be applied in ECAM
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

6. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
EMISSIONS IN THE URBAN WATER CYCLE
Short summary of where we can find these types of emissions in each of the stages
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

7. TYPES OF EMISSIONS + = ECAM GHG emissions based on IPCC:
Scope 1 – direct GHG emissions within the water or wastewater system, for example, methane or nitrous oxide from sewage treatment
Non-electricity related emissions +
Scope 2 – indirect GHG emissions associated with the organisation’s grid electricity use
Electricity related emissions
Important comments to be conveyed:
Electricity related emissions are lumped per System (urban drinking water / urban wastewater) of the water cycle
Non-electricity related emissions are presented separately (on graphs) to acknowledge
the lower level of precision of these indicators
that these indicators are not benchmarked but are used to monitor progress during the project.
Scope 3 – all other indirect emissions, which are a consequence of the services provided, but which come from sources not owned or controlled within the water or wastewater system =
ECAM
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

8. TYPES OF EMISSIONS
Sub-categories of non- electricity related emissions
Fuel used in engines
Untreated sewage
Treated sewage discharged to river
Biogas production flared or released
Sludge transport
Sludge disposal (landfill, land application)
Sub-categories of electricity related to emission
Drinking Water
Wastewater
Important comments to be conveyed:
Electricity related emissions are lumped per System (urban drinking water / urban wastewater) of the water cycle
Non-electricity related emissions are presented separately (on graphs) to acknowledge
the lower level of precision of these indicators
that these indicators are not benchmarked but are used to monitor progress during the project.
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

9. TYPES OF EMISSIONS Emissions not included in ECAM
Methane and Nitrous oxide from sewers
Nitrous oxide from biological treatment of wastewater
From staff vehicles
From the manufacturing of chemicals
From the construction and construction materials of facilities
From septic tanks
Important comments to be conveyed:
Electricity related emissions are lumped per System (urban drinking water / urban wastewater) of the water cycle
Non-electricity related emissions are presented separately (on graphs) to acknowledge
the lower level of precision of these indicators
that these indicators are not benchmarked but are used to monitor progress during the project.
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

10. Energy performance and Carbon emissions Assessment and Monitoring tool
Module 5: GHG emissions
Calculating GHG emissions
TRAINING WORKSHOP
ECAM Tool:
Energy performance and Carbon emissions Assessment and Monitoring tool

11. Module 3: WaCCliM Roadmap
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Calculate typical emissions of drinking water and wastewater utility by hand
Apply Detailed GHG assessment of ECAM tool
Assess baseline performance of drinking water and wastewater utilities
Optional: Analyze different units of performance indicators
Module 3: WaCCliM Roadmap

12. DETAILED GHG ASSESSMENT
Remember
Objective : Understand where GHG emissions come from in more detail
Inputs
Outputs
Quantities monitored by the utility over the assessment period
Performance and service level indicators for monitoring progress
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

13. GHG FROM ELECTRICITY
GHG Emissions are counted in terms of CO2 equivalent:
Conversion factor based on energy mix (CO2e kg/kWh)
Energy consumption (kWh/m3)
GHG indirect
(CO2e kg/m3)
GHG
CO2e (kg)*
CO2 1
CH4 34
N2O
298
Direct and other indirect emissions
(CO2e kg/m3)
Global GHG emissions (CO2e kg/m3)
* corresponds to the 100-year global warming potential for greenhouse gases (GWP100, AR5) reported by IPCC (2013).
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

14. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
LEARNING EXERCISE
EXERCISE: CALCULATING OF GHG EMISSIONS
Calculate by hand the following, and discuss:
Utility A, from Jordan, consumes 20 MWh/day from the grid in order to run its drinking water abstraction pumps. How many kg CO2 equivalent does Utility B emit on a monthly basis? The emission factor for Jordan is 0.644kgCO2eq/kWh
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

15. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
TUTORIAL:
UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS
Understanding the GHG emissions assessment
GHG FROM Methane in the WWTP
GHG FROM treated effluent discharge
GHG FROM sludge transport
GHG FROM untreated effluent discharge
GHG FROM on-site engines
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

16. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
TUTORIAL:
UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS
1. GHG emission from methane in the WWTP
Are equal to
The methane leaking from the biogas flaring system operation, assuming 2% of the biogas flared is leaked.
The methane emitted in the biological treatment process, in poorly aerated zones.
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

17. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
TUTORIAL:
UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS
1. GHG emission from methane in the WWTP
Input Data to estimate the Biogas flared
At Initial Assessment:
If YES to : “Are you producing biogas?” AND
If NO to : “Are you valorizing biogas?”,
then it is assumed that 100% of the produced biogas is flared.
The Serviced population in the urban wastewater system is used to estimate the biogas production assuming a theoretical average operation of an anaerobic digester, and standard BOD load per person entering the sewage.
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

18. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
TUTORIAL:
UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS
1. GHG emission from methane in the WWTP
The actual biogas produced by the digester MINUS the actual biogas valorised is used to estimate the amount of biogas flared.
At Detailed Assessment:
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

19. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
LEARNING EXERCISE
EXERCISE: CALCULATING OF GHG EMISSIONS
Calculate by hand the following, and discuss:
Utility B, from Brazil, flares Nm3 of biogas per month. Calculate how many CO2 equivalent per month Utility A emits due to direct release of 2% biogas (caused by leakages). The conversion factor for methane is 34 kgCO2/Kg CH4 Assume that the biogas contains 60% methane. The density of biogas is appoximately 0.66 kg/Nm3.
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

20. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
TUTORIAL:
UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS
1. GHG emission from methane in the WWTP
Input data to estimate the methane produced
in the biological treatment process
At Initial Assessment:
Is estimated based on the BOD influent
At Detailed Assessment:
The BOD in the influent MINUS the amount of BOD removed as sludge is used to estimate the amount of methane emitted.
It is multiplied by an IPCC “WWTP emission factor” which qualifies the amount of poorly aerated zones in the treatment.
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

21. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
TUTORIAL:
UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS
2. GHG emission from treated effluent discharge
Are equal to
N2O emissions (Nitrous Oxide) from the nitrogen still contained in the treated wastewater discharged
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

22. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
TUTORIAL:
UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS
2. GHG emission from treated effluent discharge
Input data to estimate emissions from treated effluent
At Initial GHG Assessment:
Total nitrogen concentration in the effluent
At Detailed GHG Assessment :
Total nitrogen load in the effluent over the assessment period (more precise than using average concentration times the flow, as in the initial assessment)
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

23. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
TUTORIAL:
UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS
3. GHG from sludge transport
Input data to estimate emissions from Fuel
At Initial and Detailed GHG Assessment:
The number of trips time the distance to disposal site is used to calculate fuel consumption.
The Type of fuel asked to the user: Diesel, Gasoline
Each type of fuel has three emission factors associated to it for CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

24. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
TUTORIAL:
UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS
4. GHG emissions from untreated wastewater discharge
Are equal to
N2O emissions (Nitrous Oxide) from the nitrogen contained in untreated sewage
AND
CH4 emissions (Methane) from the BOD contained in untreated sewage
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

25. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
TUTORIAL:
UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS
4. GHG emissions from untreated wastewater discharge
Input data to estimate emissions from untreated sewage
At Initial Assessment:
The “Population connected” minus the “service population” is multiplied by standard protein consumption or BOD production per pers.
At Detailed GHG Assessment :
The standard protein consumption
and BOD production per person
can be adjusted by the user.
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

26. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
TUTORIAL:
UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS
5. GHG emissions from onsite engines
Are equal to to the emissions from burning the fuel
CO2 emissions and N2O emissions (Nitrous Oxide) and CH4 emissions (Methane)
Which all occur in different proportions depending on the type of fuel
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

27. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
TUTORIAL:
UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS
5. GHG emissions from onsite engines
Input data to estimate emissions from FUEL
At Initial Assessment and Detailed GHG Assessment :
The Volume of Fuel multiplied by emission factors based on the type of fuel
The Type of fuel asked to the user: Diesel, Petrol or Natural Gas
Each type of fuel has three emission factors associated to it for CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

28. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
LEARNING EXERCISE
EXERCISE: CALCULATING OF GHG EMISSIONS
Calculate by hand the following, and discuss:
Utility C, from Mexico, uses Diesel fuel engines for pumps, consuming 80 liter/day. How many kg CO2 equivalent does Utility C emit on a yearly basis?
Consider the emission factor for diesel fuel to be 2.5 kg CO2 per liter.
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

29. Energy performance and Carbon emissions Assessment and Monitoring tool
Module 5: GHG emissions
Detailed GHG Assessment with ECAM - tutorial
TRAINING WORKSHOP
ECAM Tool:
Energy performance and Carbon emissions Assessment and Monitoring tool

30. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
Remember
Objective : Understand where GHG emissions come from in more detail.
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

31. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
TYPES OF EMISSIONS
Flows
Understanding the difference between flows:
The unit “m3” can mean different things!
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

32. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
Assessing Energy Performance:
Objective: Understand if and where GHG emissions from electricity can be reduced.
A detailed assessment of the energy performance provides the relative weight of each stage and at facility (substage) level.
Inputs:
- quantities monitored by the utility over the assessment period
- description of the facility (size, length of pipe, type of treatment, etc..)
Outputs: benchmarked performance indicators to assess potential for improvements
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

33. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
Energy IN = Energy OUT
system
Energy IN:
Grid electricity purchased
Renewable Electricity (self-produced)
Energy OUT:
Surplus Renewable Electricity (self-produced) sold
(not yet included in the tool)
Energy consumption for operating equipment
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

34. DETAILED GHG ASSESSMENT
Electricity Inputs (Initial & Detailed assessment)
Abstraction
Total electric energy consumption
Energy purchased from the grid in urban drinking water systems
Energy purchased from the grid in urban wastewater systems
Electric energy produced from turbines
Treatment
Distribution Total electric energy consumption
Collection
Electric energy produced from biogas valorization
Total Electric energy consumption for pumping discharged wastewater
Energy produced during wastewater discharge through turbines
Assessment
Initial
Assessment
Deatiled
Electric energy produced from turbines
When energy is produced and self consumed:
energy purchased from the grid < sum of total energy consumed per stage
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

35. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
SUB-STAGES
Performance indicator with benchmark at sub-stage level
For example: Standardized energy consumption
Reference values for benchmarking:
Good: ≤ wcE3 ≤ 0.45
Acceptable: 0.45 < wcE3 ≤ 0.68
Unsatisfactory: wcE3 > 0.68
Substage data
Pumping Head (m)
Proposed improvement:
Differentiate benchmark values for submersible or external motors
P (kW) = γ Q ∆H
Specific weigth (9800 N/m3)
= ∆H (W m −3 s) 3600 s h −1 × 1000 W kW −1
kWh/m3 = γ Q ∆H Q = γ ∆H
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

36. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
LEARNING EXERCISE
EXERCISE: DETAILED GHG ASSESMENT
Let’s review the data together for the drinking water stages for Thailand:
Open the example json file
Analyse all the results and discuss in small groups. Now go back to the Drinking Water Supply section: is the value for Volume of authorized consumption per person per day correctly computed? Why? What is the relevance of this data?
How does non-revenue water relate to GHG emissions?
Inspect how the service level PIs are calculated by clicking on the blue hyperlinks. Notice that certain variables light up yellow once you hover over the PIs. Do you understand why?
Add one substage for the water distribution stage. Ensure that the total sum does not change.
Now clear the file and start a new one to develop your own assessment, and save the file .
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

37. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment
LEARNING EXERCISE
EXERCISE: CALCULATING OF GHG EMISSIONS
Let’s review the data together for the wastewater stages for Thailand:
What is the importance of reporting data regarding BOD concentrations? What is their relationship with GHG emissions?
In wastewater treatment, indicate that biogas is produced and insert a reasonable number. What are the associated emissions for this?
Now choose to valorize 80% of this biogas and review the results again. What has been the impact on the overall emmissions?
Indicate how you can simulate that this inflow and infiltration is occuring at this utility? What is the impact on the emissions?
Calculate the impact on total emissions if 20% of the wastewater is reused. Would this be a realistic scenario for your utility?
Now clear the file and start a new one to develop your own assessment, and save the file .
Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment