1. PAPER 1: Living with the physical environment
SECTION A: The challenge of natural hazards
KEY IDEA: Climate Change 1

2. Long Term Climate Change Graph (Quaternary)
The Long term pattern of climate change…..
Quaternary/ 2.6 million years
Fluctuated
Warm/ Interglacial/ 10,000 years
Cold/ Glacial/ 100,000 years

3. Long Term Climate Change Evidence
Tree Rings:
Counting rings shows age/ Date information
Thicker/ Longer Growing Season/ Warmer
Thinner/ Shorter Growing Season/ Colder
Ice Cores:
Drilled Ice/ Antarctica/ Greenland/ 800,000 years / Layers Dated
Bubbles Trapped/ Contain Co2
More Co2/ Warmer/ Co2 Traps Heat
Ocean Sediments:
Drilled sediment/Ocean beds
Contain fossils/ type of fossils
Look for adaptation

4. Short Term Climate Change Graph (Recent)
Task: The short term pattern of climate change…..
Warming Trend/ 20,000 yrs
Particular 1980 onwards (more cars/ higher wealth/ industrialisation of NEEs)

5. Short Term Climate Change Evidence
Glacial Retreat:
Melting/ more loss then gain each year / warming temperatures/ cause rising sea levels

6. Natural Causes of Past Climate (x3)
Volcanic Eruption Theory:
Large Scale Eruption
Gas (Sulphur Dioxide)
Ash
Stratosphere
Reflects
Mount Pinatubo
Sunlight
1991
Global Cooling
0.5 Degree
2 Years
Sun Spots/ Solar Output:
Dark Spots
Release Energy
Solar Flares
Warmer
Less Spots
Cooler
Little Ice Age
Frozen Thames
Earth orbit changes:
Shape
Circular to elliptical
Changes distance from sun
Tilt
22.5 and 24.5 degrees
Wobble
Colder
Away and Towards
Closer
Warmer
Further Away

7. Human causes of climate change (3 x activities)

8. Human causes of climate change (Enhanced Greenhouse Effect)

9. Effects of climate change on the environment
More storms/ Flooding: Higher evaporation makes more storms with intense rainfall = more flooding (Europe)
Effects of climate change on the environment
Drought: Higher temperatures and less rainfall cause drought (less than expected rainfall) (Sahel, Africa)
Coral Bleaching: Rising sea levels and warmer oceans mean the coral is being killed (Great Barrier Reef, Australia)
Adelie Penguin: Ice changes mean mothers not get food back to young/ all young die off (Antarctica)

10. Effects of climate change on the people
Shorter snow seasons: less money for ski resorts (Europe)
Effects of climate change on the people
Pest increase: warmer/ wetter conditions increase pest risk/ lack of food/ expensive food/ famine
More storms/ Flooding: pay for damage/ pay for flood defences (Europe)
Drought: crops can’t grow/ famine (death by lack of food) (Sahel Region, Africa)

11. Mitigation Strategies to reduce the impact (x 4)
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): pump out of factories and store in old mines underground that are now empty/ less carbon in atmosphere
Mitigation Strategies to reduce the impact (x 4)
Green Companies: Triple Velvet/ for every tree cut down replant 3/ more carbon storage in atmosphere
Wind Farms: Create green energy that does not pollute using wind turbines/less carbon in atmosphere
International Agreements: Paris Climate Agreement/ countries agreement to reduce their emissions so less than 2 degrees of climate change

12. Adaptation Strategies to reduce the impact (x 3)
Managing water supplies:
Water saving kits in London/ shower timer/ dual flush toilets/ fixing leaks
International Potato Museum:
Save potato seeds so if some strains die due to climate change we can still grow them in the future
Thames Barrier:
Raise the barrier is the sea is high tide so it does not flood low lying parts of London
Centre Pivot Irrigation: Saves water as sprays directly onto crops
Houses on stilts:
If houses had flooding belongings would be safer