1. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Chapter 2
PART TWO
Foundations
of Individual
Behavior
The Individual
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B, JU

2. AFTER STUDYING THIS CHAPTER, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND:
Ability
Contrast the two types of ability.
Define intellectual ability and demonstrate its relevance to OB.
Identify the key biographical characteristics and describe how they are relevant to OB.
Define learning and outline the principles of the three major theories of learning.
Define shaping, and show how it can be used in OB.
Show how culture affects our understanding of intellectual abilities, biographical characteristics, and learning.
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

3. Ability
An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job.
Made up of two sets of factors:
Intellectual Abilities
Physical Abilities
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

4. Ability (contd..)
Intellectual Abilities: Intellectual Abilities are the abilities needed to perform mental activities.
General Mental Ability (GMA) is a measure of overall intelligence.
Wonderlic Personnel Test: a quick measure of intelligence for recruitment screening.
No correlation between intelligence and job satisfaction.
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

5. Ability (contd..)
The seven most frequently cited dimensions making up Intellectual Abilities are-
Number Aptitude
Verbal Comprehension
Perceptual Speed
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Spatial Visualization
Memory
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

6. Spatial Visualization
Ability (contd..)
Dimensions of Intellectual Ability:
Intellectual Ability
Number Aptitude
Verbal Comprehension
Perceptual Speed
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Spatial Visualization
Memory
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
E X H I B I T 2–1
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

7. The nine basic physical abilities are - Strength Factors
Ability (contd..)
2. Physical Abilities: The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.
The nine basic physical abilities are -
Strength Factors
Dynamic strength
Trunk strength
Static strength
Explosive strength
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

8. Ability (contd..) Flexibility Factors Extent flexibility
Dynamic flexibility
Other Factors
Body coordination
Balance
Stamina
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

9. Biographical Characteristics
Objective and easily obtained personal characteristics.
Age
Older workers bring experience, judgment, a strong work ethic, and commitment to quality.
Gender
Few differences between men and women that affect job performance.
Race
It relates to employment outcomes such as personnel selection decisions, performance evaluations, pay and workplace discrimination.
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

10. Biographical Characteristics (contd..)
Social Group: reservation benefit are extend to a certain Social Group.
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

11. Other Biographical Characteristics
Tenure
People with job tenure (seniority at a job) are more productive, absent less frequently, have lower turnover, and are more satisfied.
Religion
Religion is a touchy subject. People of different religious faith conflict.
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

12. Learning Involves Change Is Relatively Permanent
Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience
Learning components:
Involves Change
Is Relatively Permanent
Is Acquired Through Experience
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

13. Theories of Learning: Learning (contd..) Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social-Learning Theory
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

14. Learning (contd..)
1. Classical Conditioning : A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.
Key Concepts:
Unconditioned stimulus
A naturally occurring phenomenon.
Unconditioned response
The naturally occurring response to a natural stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus
An artificial stimulus introduced into the situation.
Conditioned response
The response to the artificial stimulus.
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

15. Learning (contd..)
2. Operant Conditioning :A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
Key Concepts:
Conditioned behavior: voluntary behavior that is learned, not reflexive.
Reinforcement: the consequences of behavior which can increase or decrease the likelihood of behavior repetition.
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

16. 2. Operant Conditioning(contd..):
Learning (contd..)
2. Operant Conditioning(contd..):
Pleasing consequences increase likelihood of repetition.
Rewards are most effective immediately after performance.
Unrewarded/punished behavior is unlikely to be repeated.
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

17. Learning (contd..)
3. Social-Learning Theory :People can learn through observation and direct experience.
Based on the idea that people can also learn indirectly: by observation, reading, or just hearing about someone else’s – a model’s – experiences.
Key Concepts:
Attentional processes
Must recognize and pay attention to critical features to learn.
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

18. 3. Social-Learning Theory :
Learning (contd..)
3. Social-Learning Theory :
Retention processes
Model’s actions must be remembered to be learned.
Motor reproduction processes
Watching the model’s behavior must be converted to doing.
Reinforcement processes
Positive incentives or rewards motivate learners.
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

19. Shaping: A Managerial Tool
Shaping Behavior: Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response.
Four Methods of Shaping Behavior:
Positive reinforcement
Providing a reward for a desired behavior
Negative reinforcement
Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

20. Shaping: A Managerial Tool (contd..)
Punishment
Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior.
Extinction
Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation.
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

21. Schedules of Reinforcement: A Critical Issue
Two Major Types:
Continuous Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated
Intermittent Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

22. Schedules of Reinforcement :
Fixed-ratio
Finance & Banking
Jahangirnagar University
Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU

23. ? Questions Finance & Banking Jahangirnagar University Mahfuza Khatun
Lecturer, F & B,JU