1. PRELIMINARY HSC PDHPE
CQ1 – How do the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems of the body influence and respond to movement?

2. How do the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems of the body influence and respond to movement?
Students learn about:
Students learn to:
muscular system
major muscles involved in movement
muscle relationship (agonist, antagonist)
types of muscle contraction (concentric, eccentric, isometric)
identify the location of the major muscles involved in movement and related joint actions
perform and analyse movements, eg overarm throw, by examining:
bones involved and the joint action
muscles involved and the type of contraction

3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM - watch video 1
The basis of all human movement is muscle action. Muscle consists of cells with contractile filaments that move past each other to change the size of the cell. There are three types of muscle in the human body: skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Smooth and cardiac muscles are voluntary muscles that determine movement over which the human body has no control, for example, a heart beat, or the movement of food through the digestive system.
Skeletal muscle is responsible for producing human movement, and groups of muscles in the human body work together to control movement patterns.

4. MUSCULAR SYSTEM - watch video 1
Muscles enable us to move, breathe and communicate; provide stability so we can stand upright; and serve many internal bodily functions. Muscles come in various shapes and sizes and make up approximately 40% of our body weight. There are approximately 640 muscles in the body, so their ability to convert energy and enable us to function is crucial to our everyday lives.

5. Types of muscles (3 types)
Cardiac — these are only found in the heart. The muscle is striated in texture but works involuntarily, so we have little control over the number of times our heart beats. At times, our body may need to increase the intensity of the heart’s pumping action—usually when undertaking cardiovascular activity. Our heart accommodates these periods of time to ensure adequate oxygen is provided to the body.

6. Types of muscles (3 types)
Smooth — These are found in the walls of organs such as the stomach and bladder, and in arteries and veins. They are non- striated, involuntary and have long, slim muscle fibres. Contractions are slow and sustained.

7. Types of muscles (3 types) - watch video 2
Skeletal — These are the most common types of muscles in the body. They are named because of their location; they are attached to the bones of the skeletal system. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and can therefore be controlled to contract and relax. They are striated in texture, contract easily and require rest after exercise. These muscles have tremendous power and strength.

8. Types of muscles (3 types) - watch video 2
Skeletal — These are the most common types of muscles in the body. They are named because of their location; they are attached to the bones of the skeletal system. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and can therefore be controlled to contract and relax. They are striated in texture, contract easily and require rest after exercise. These muscles have tremendous power and strength.

9. Functions of muscles Muscles can:
produce movement to walk, run, jump, breathe, digest and excrete
provide stabilisation of posture and internal organs
generate heat to maintain body temperature.
If you examine a muscle you will find that it is constructed of many smaller bundles of muscle fibres.

10. Correctly label the following diagram of a muscle fibres composition.

11. Explain why skeletal muscle is classified as a voluntary muscle
Skeletal muscles are voluntary and can therefore be controlled to contract and relax, when needed.

12. Correctly label the muscular system diagram using the list provided.

13. muscle relationship (agonist, antagonist) - watch video 3
Muscles work by generating tension that causes change within the cell. The tension created causes a muscle to shorten, lengthen or remain the same length. This is known as muscle contraction.
Muscles usually work in paired groups known as the agonist and antagonist. The muscle that is responsible for the shortening action is called the agonist. As the agonist contracts, the other muscle in a pair relaxes and lengthens. This muscle is called the antagonist.
Stabilisers are muscles that assist agonist and antagonists in producing particular movements at a joint. For movement to be effective there must be stability in the joint. Stabilising muscles will often contract statically to hold other parts of the body around the joint still.

14. Complete the following table for muscles, their origin, insertion and the actions the cause. (FINISH FOR HOMEWORK)
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Actions
Deltoid
Clavicle and scapula
Humerus
Abducts, flexes, extends, medially and laterally rotates arm
Biceps brachii
Triceps
Latissimus dorsi
Trapezius
Pectorals
• Major
• Minor
Erector spinae
Gluteus maximus
Hamstrings: group of 3 muscles
Quadriceps: group of 4 muscles
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibialis anterior
Rectus abdominus
External obliques

15. Muscle Origin Insertion Actions
Complete the following table for muscles, their origin, insertion and the actions the cause.
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Actions
Deltoid
Clavicle and scapula
Humerus
Abducts, flexes, extends, medially and laterally rotates arm
Biceps brachii
Scapula
Radius
Flexes and supinates forearm; flexes arm
Triceps
Scapula and humerus
Ulna
Extends forearm and arm
Latissimus dorsi
Lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, all lumbar vertebrae, lower 4 ribs, iliac and sacral crests
Extends, adducts and medially rotates arm; draws arm downward and backward; depresses scapula
Trapezius
Occipital bone, spines of C7 and all thoracic vertebra
Elevates clavicle; extends head; adducts, rotates upward, elevates and depresses scapula

16. Complete the following table for muscles, their origin, insertion and the actions the cause.
Pectorals
• Major
• Minor
Ribs 2–6, clavicle and sternum
Ribs 3–5
 Humerus
 Scapula
Flexes, adducts and medially rotates arm; pulls rib cage upwards
With ribs fixed: draws scapula forward and downward
With scapula fixed: draws rib cage superiorly
Erector spinae
Vary along vertebral spines and transverse processes, ribs and iliac crest
Vary along vertebral spines and transverse processes, ribs and jaw
Maintains erect posture; extends vertebral column Acts on one side to: bend vertebral column laterally; extend head and rotate face to side
Gluteus maximus
Iliac crest, sacrum and coccyx
Femur
Extends and laterally rotates thigh
Hamstrings: group of 3 muscles
Ischium and femur (biceps femoris)
Femur (semitendinosus and semimembranosus)
Tibia and fibula (biceps femoris)
Tibia (semitendinosus and semimembranosus)
Flexes leg and extends thigh

17. Muscle Origin Insertion Actions
Complete the following table for muscles, their origin, insertion and the actions the cause.
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Actions
Gastrocnemius
Lateral and medial sides of femur
Calcaneous via Achilles tendon
Plantar flexes foot; flexes leg
Soleus
Fibula and tibia
Plantar flexes foot
Tibialis anterior
Tibia
First metatarsal
Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
Rectus abdominus
Pubic crest
Xiphoid process and ribs 5–7
Flexes and rotates lumbar vertebra; fixes and depresses ribs; stabilises pelvis
External obliques
Lower 8 ribs
Iliac crest and linea alba
As pair—flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall
Singular—trunk rotation and lateral flexion

18. Complete the following table for muscles, their origin, insertion and the actions the cause.
Deltoid
Clavicle and scapula
Humerus
Abducts, flexes, extends, medially and laterally rotates arm
Biceps brachii
Scapula
Radius
Flexes and supinates forearm; flexes arm
Triceps
Scapula and humerus
Ulna
Extends forearm and arm
Latissimus dorsi
Lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, all lumbar vertebrae, lower 4 ribs, iliac and sacral crests
Extends, adducts and medially rotates arm; draws arm downward and backward; depresses scapula
Trapezius
Occipital bone, spines of C7 and all thoracic vertebra
Elevates clavicle; extends head; adducts, rotates upward, elevates and depresses scapula
Pectorals
• Major
• Minor
Ribs 2–6, clavicle and sternum
Ribs 3–5
 Humerus
 Scapula
Flexes, adducts and medially rotates arm; pulls rib cage upwards
With ribs fixed: draws scapula forward and downward
With scapula fixed: draws rib cage superiorly
Erector spinae
Vary along vertebral spines and transverse processes, ribs and iliac crest
Vary along vertebral spines and transverse processes, ribs and jaw
Maintains erect posture; extends vertebral column Acts on one side to: bend vertebral column laterally; extend head and rotate face to side
Gluteus maximus
Iliac crest, sacrum and coccyx
Femur
Extends and laterally rotates thigh
Hamstrings: group of 3 muscles
Ischium and femur (biceps femoris)
Femur (semitendinosus and semimembranosus)
Tibia and fibula (biceps femoris)
Tibia (semitendinosus and semimembranosus)
Flexes leg and extends thigh
Quadriceps: group of 4 muscles
 Iliac spine (rectus femoris)
Femur (vastus group)
Common insertion to patella and tibia through the patella ligament
Extends leg and flexes hip (rectus femoris)
Extends leg (vastus group)
Gastrocnemius
Lateral and medial sides of femur
Calcaneous via Achilles tendon
Plantar flexes foot; flexes leg
Soleus
Fibula and tibia
Plantar flexes foot
Tibialis anterior
Tibia
First metatarsal
Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
Rectus abdominus
Pubic crest
Xiphoid process and ribs 5–7
Flexes and rotates lumbar vertebra; fixes and depresses ribs; stabilises pelvis
External obliques
Lower 8 ribs
Iliac crest and linea alba
As pair—flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall
Singular—trunk rotation and lateral flexion

19. Muscles - watch video 3
Muscles can be classified functionally into three groups:
agonists (prime movers)—the agonist muscle provides the main force that causes the desired movement
antagonists (muscles that react)—the muscle that opposes or reverses a particular movement
stabilisers (synergists and fixators)—the muscle that aids agonists by promoting the same movement or by reducing unnecessary movement or undesired action. When a synergist immobilises the head of a muscle or a bone, it is called a fixator.

20. Activity/task - Participate in the following exercises (if possible) and complete the table
 Muscles
 Location
 Point of origin
 Point of insertion
 Bicep curl
Biceps, triceps, wrist flexors
scapula
radius
 Deep squat
Quadriceps, hamstrings, glutes, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius
 Bench press
Pectorals, deltoids, triceps, biceps
 Lateral pull down
Lattisimus dorsi, deltoids, triceps, biceps
 Lunge walk
 Sit-up
Rectus abdominus, transverse abdomin
 Upright row
Trapezius, tric, bi, delt, serrate
 Prone alternating reverse fly
Trap, delt, pect, bi, tric
 Leg press calf raise
Gastrocnemius, tib anter, hams

21. Types of muscle contraction (concentric, eccentric, isometric)
Isotonic contractions
Body movement occurs when there is a shortening of a muscle with the agonist lengthening at the same time. In this case both the agonist and antagonist will be contracting or creating tension. Where the muscle is shortening the contraction is classified as a concentric contraction. The antagonist will be lengthening but will still be creating tension to control the movement. This contraction while extending is known as an eccentric contraction.

22. Isotonic Contraction

23. Types of muscle contraction (concentric, eccentric, isometric) - watch video 4
Isometric contractions
These occur where the muscle generates force against a fixed resistance that does not move. There is no significant change in the muscle length. An example of this would be doing a calf stretch against a wall. Other sporting examples include an athlete performing a crouch start before a sprint, with muscles tensed waiting for the starter’s gun. Rock climbers will often perform isometric muscle contractions as they keep parts of their bodies still while searching for a new hand or foothold.

24. Isometric Contraction

25. Analyse the following movements, eg overarm throw, by examining:
Revision/Homework task Answer/complete the following statements/questions:
Analyse the following movements, eg overarm throw, by examining:
bones involved and the joint action, and the muscles involved and the type of contraction
Identify the agonist and antagonist in the following actions:
A. extension of the elbow
B. rotation of the shoulder
C. flexion of the hip
D. hyperextension of the hip
E. rotation of the neck
Explain the different types of contraction that muscles are able to perform.

26. Describe how skeletal muscles produce movement by pulling on bones.
Revision/Homework task Answer/complete the following statements/questions:
Identify some sport-based movements where isometric contractions are required.
Describe how skeletal muscles produce movement by pulling on bones.
Define the role of the agonist, antagonist and stabiliser in the production of movement.
Describe the movements that are possible at the shoulder joint and the muscles involved in producing these movements.
Movements: abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
Identify the agonists, antagonists and stabilisers.

27. Revision/Homework task Answer/complete the following statements/questions: - watch video 5
Identify which of the following is the muscle of the arm that both flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm:
triceps brachii
biceps brachii
deltoid
brachialis
Explain the difference between an isotonic contraction and an isometric contraction.
Suggest three exercises and three sporting activities that produce both types of contraction.
Discuss the reasons why AFL players may be prone to injuries such as shoulder dislocations and hamstring tears.