1. Electrification
The Concept: Electrify Everything, Decarbonize Electricity, DISTRIBUTE
The Challenges: Resiliency, Security, Equity
The Opportunities
Transportation
Buildings
Peripherals

2. Electrification: Concept
Decarbonization = phase out fossil fuels
Viable, affordable clean electricity is greater reality than other non-fossil options, so …
Clean Up Electricity
Electrify everything

3. Electrification NREL 2017 Key tech incl
Light and heavy duty vehicles and buses
Air source heat pumps
Heat pump water heaters

4. Electrification

5. Electrification: Challenges
Supply and Demand trajectories
Resiliency
Security
Equity
Transmission before storage

6. Electrification: Distributed
If one were to design the grid today …
Distributed systems are more resilient
They are potentially much more secure
They can contribute to greater equity
Ownership matters for ALL the above
Plus universal economic development
Enough load growth to go round

7. Electrification: take-aways (NREL)
Multiple pathways, but don’t have to have all answers NOW (80% rule)
Electrification = doubling of electrical generation, but 2.6% growth rate slightly LESS than growth rate
Renewables, NGCC, transmission, storage …
“Despite the large growth in total electricity consumption and the associated increase in peak load, flexibility in incremental load (and opportunities for load shifting) serves to drive down the peak-to-average load ratio. In other words, the hourly load shape becomes smoother or less “peaky,” and as a result, new generation resources are built largely for serving energy as opposed to meeting peak load requirements, increasing the overall efficiency of power system operation.”

8. Transportation: US’s Largest Greenhouse Gas Sector
Crossover point was February 2016, both electricity and transportation account for about 1/3 of US carbon emissions.
FYI, over half of transportation emissions come from gasoline
Note that this graph show direct emissions. Electric Power includes all electric use from other sectors. The emissions from the residential sector are the gas you burn at home, not the lightbulb or AC you run

9. EVs: A win-win-win Good for the Environment
Good for Customer’s pocketbook
Good for Utilities

10. Good for the Environment – Map shows CO2e emissions of “average” EV car vs gas

11. Cleaner over Time
As Electricity becomes cleaner, so does your car

12. Save on Fuel Costs

13. Save on Maintenance

14. Eventually, Save on Upfront Costs
A 2017 study by the University of Central Florida’s Electric Vehicle Transportation Center shows that even over a five year time frame the cost of owning an EV is already lower than a comparable ICE vehicle.
Also, EVs are going face a lower barrier to entry with LMI households than RE. Especially when the used car market develops, Evs will be comparable in upfront costs. LMI households spend a disproportionate amount of their income on energy (electric, heating and transportation). EVs are an opportunity for all households to participate in the new energy economy.

15. EVs: Good for the Utilities
Load Growth
Proper incentives and market signals can ensure charging happens outside of grid peak
Timing of charging is very important to avoid need for additional buildout of grid

16. Time Your Charging

17. Set Rates to Encourage EV Adoption and Off-Peak Charging

18. Local Options Alliant Energy – Time of Day Pricing
50% Discount on energy cost during off- peak
40% Premium on energy cost during peak
Peak is 7am to 8pm
MiEnergy – EV Charging Rate
Separate Submeter
MiEnergy (formerly Hawkeye REC/TriCounty REC): 5.6 cents per kWh off-peak, 20 cents per kWh on peak; vs. standard residential rate of 12 cents per kWh
Alliant Energy Iowa: No special EV rate but has an optional Time-of-Use rate for customers. 50% energy cost reduction during off-peak. On-peak energy usage at 140% of regular price Not EV specific –

19. Local Options

20. Not that this graph show direct emissions
Not that this graph show direct emissions. Electric Power includes all electric use from other sectors. The emissions from the residential sector are the gas you burn at home, not the lightbulb or AC you run

21. Possible Decarbonization Strategy
From RMI: Example of possible decarbonization strategy

22. Direct Emmissions

24. Does it Pay?
Study focused on 4 areas: Oakland CA, Houston TX, Providence RI and Chicago IL
In each case, all-electric homes were cheaper on a 15-year basis – For NEW homes

25. Does it Pay? Home Power Magazine example:
1600 sf home in Maine – colder than Decorah
All-electric
Net-Zero
Minisplit Heat Pump
6.8 kW solar
Heat Pump is rated at 18,000 Btus
Works down to -15
Maintains home temp down to -5
Not an expensive piece of equipment

26. Does it Pay?
Remodel/Retrofit was usually cost effective if a Heat-Pump replaced an A/C unit at the end of its useful life
Not typically cost effective to replace an exiting, working AC unit

27. Does it Pay?
Remodel/Retrofit was cost effective for Propane and Fuel Oil Customers
Conversion to electric does work best for energy-efficient homes. Tight, well- insulated homes need less energy to heat.
Winter Design temp will dictate some of the speed of the switch to Air-Source Heat Pumps. Iowa may be slower to switch that states with more moderate winters – Missouri and New England coastal areas
Dubuque has a design temp of -10 (Delta T of 80)
Baltimore has a design temp of 12 (Delta T of 58 – almost 30% less)

28. Load Flexibility and Monitoring
You can monitor all your electric use.
Water heating especially can be timed to coincide with low prices, or on-site solar consumption