1. The Endocrine System
With nervous system coordinates the function of all body systems
Regulates homeostasis through hormones

2. Hormones Over 50 hormones Secretions enter blood
Effect target cell, tissue organ
Most only affect a few types of cells

3. FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES Helps regulate: 1. metabolism
2. ICF & ECF balance
3. contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle
4. Reproductive system
Control growth & development

4. Hormone Function

5. Pituitary Gland

6. Thyroid

7. Parathyroid

8. Adrenal glands

9. Pancreas
The endocrine tissue of the pancreas is called the Pancreatic Islets or Islets of Langerhans
Alpha Cells - secrete Glucagon
raises blood sugar
Beta Cells - secrete Insulin
lowers blood sugar

10. STRESS Anything that disrupts homeostasis May be physical
May be related to life situations

11. General Adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Three stages
Body’s response to stress

12. Alarm Stage Body is preparing for stress
Body’s way of dealing with a stressor

13. Body changes during alarm
Increase blood pressure
Increase heart rate
Muscles tense
Decrease in blood supply to digestive system

14. Body changes during alarm
More mentally alert
Better hearing and eyesight
Sweating
Dry mouth
More blood and glucose to muscles

15. Resistance stage Body is dealing with the stress
Body is trying to keep going
Body’s way of dealing with prolonged stress

16. Exhaustion stage Body is worn out Major fatigue
Increase in cortisol levels
Decrease in K+
Immune system is depressed
Illness may occur

17. Metabolic Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System

18. Dwarfism caused by a hyposecretion of hGH during the growth years
causes slow bone growth
epiphyseal plates close before normal height is reached
other organs of the body may also fail to grow and develop
treatment requires administration of hGH during childhood

19. Gigantism caused by the hypersecretion of hGH during childhood
abnormal increase in bone length and size of other organs
the person is very tall with normal body proportions

20. Acromegaly caused by the hypersecretion of hGH during adulthood
also caused by steroid and hGH use
bones of hands, feet, and skull thicken
eyelids, lips, and tongue enlarge
skin thickens and develops furrows

21. Cushing’s Syndrome
caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, especially cortisol
results in redistribution of body fat
spindly arms and legs
rounded moon - faced appearance
hanging abdomen with stretch marks or Striae
individuals often bruises easily
poor wound healing

22. Cretinism
caused by hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during fetal development
exhibits dwarfism because the skeleton fails to grow
individuals are usually severely mentally retarded
retarded sexual development
usually have a yellowish skin color

23. Myxedema caused by hypothyroidism during the adult years
causes facial tissue to swell and look puffy
about 5 times more common in females
other symptoms include:
bradycardia - low body temperature
lethargy - muscle weakness
dry skin and hair - easily gains weight
sensitivity to cold - hypersensitive to drugs

24. Graves’ Disease caused by hyperthyroidism an autoimmune disorder
increased metabolism - heat intolerance
increased sweating - insomnia
weight loss - nervousness
tremors of hands
may have a slightly enlarged thyroid gland (Goiter)
causes the eyes to protrude (Exophthalmos)

25. Diabetes Mellitus
a group of disorders that leads to an elevation of blood glucose (Hyperglycemia)
symptoms include:
polyuria - polydipsia
polyphagia - glucosuria
Two Types or Categories of Diabetes
Type I Diabetes = Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
Type II Diabetes = Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)

26. Type I Diabetes (IDDM)
pancreas does not produce insulin due to the destruction of Beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans
requires regular injections of insulin to prevent death
most commonly develops in individuals younger than 20 years old (Juvenile Onset Diabetes Mellitus)
appears to be an autoimmune disorder

27. Type II Diabetes (NIDDM)
also called Maturity Onset Diabetes
much more common type of Diabetes (over 90% of Diabetes cases)
most often occurs in individuals over 40
most individuals are overweight or clinically obese
blood glucose levels can usually be controlled by diet, exercise, and weight loss and control

28. Complications from Diabetes
atherosclerosis
heart disease
peripheral vascular disease
severe kidney damage
glaucoma
gangrene
ketoacidosis
weight loss

29. Treatments for Diabetes
regular insulin injections
artificial pancreas
transplantation of the pancreas
transplantation of clusters of Islet Cells
injection of fetal Islet Cells