1. States of Consciousness

2. States of Conciousness
Lesson Essential Question
What is consciousness?
How do our body’s natural rhythms differ from one another?

3. What do you think? Write your definition of consciousness.
Get with a partner and share

4. Awareness of yourself and the environment.
Consciousness
Awareness of yourself and the environment.
The experience of conscious behaviors can include thoughts, sensations, and memories

5. Levels of Consciousness

6. Consciousness – current level of awareness
Subconscious – information out of awareness, memories aren’t easily accessible
Unconscious – information out of awareness, no actual memories may even exist, though behavior may be affected

7. Nonconscious – body processes that we are not aware of, but are active
Preconscious – information out of awareness, but memories are easily accessible

8. Check for understanding
How do preconscious and subconscious differ?
How do subconscious and unconscious differ?
Why would/should we have unconscious desires?
What levels affect behavior?
Where do dreams come into play?

9. Biological Rhythms - natural life cycles that help to guide our levels of awareness and our behaviors
Examples?
Jet lag

10. Annual Cycles – Seasonal changes affecting moods, appetite, sleep patterns
Twenty-Eight Day Cycle – Female Menstrual Cycle
Ninety-Minute Cycle – Sleep Cycle
Twenty-Four Hour Cycle – Daily cycle of levels of alertness, hormones, body temperature, etc. also known as…

11. Circadian Rhythms
A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long. The cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes.

12. Circadian Rhythms IE. Peak Mental Alertness at 9:00 AM and 9:00 PM
Low Mental Alertness at 3:00 AM and 3:00 PM
Peak Physical Strength at 11:00 AM and 7:00 PM
Peak Sensations at 3:00 AM and 6:00 PM
Peak Sensitivity to Pain at 3:00 AM and 5:00 PM
Peak Degrees of Sleepiness at 3:00 AM and 3:00 PM

13. Hockenbury text p 124

14. Sleep! What are the stages of sleep?
What are some common sleep disorders, and what are their consequences?
What are the costs to your body when you don’t get enough sleep?
Why do we dream?

15. The Sleep-Wake Cycle
When decreased levels of light, the pineal gland releases melatonin, which causes sleepiness and reduced activity level
When there are increased levels of light, melatonin levels decrease and conscious awareness level increase

16. When there are increased levels of light, melatonin levels decrease and conscious awareness level increases

17. SLEEP !!!!! On average, humans sleep 22 years of their lifetime
Seventeen hours of sustained wakefulness leads to a decrease in performance equivalent to a blood alcohol-level of 0.05%
body temperature and the brain's sleep-wake cycle are closely linked

18. Why do we sleep?
Restorative Theory of Sleep
Sleep promotes physiological processes that restore and rejuvenate the body and the mind
NREM = bodily restoration and REM = mind restoration

19. Theory of Sleep
Adaptive theory—sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when there is little value and considerable danger

20. Sleep
There are 2 different types of sleep:
REM Sleep: type of sleep during which rapid eye movements and dreaming occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed
NREM Sleep: quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent

21. Stages of Sleep – Pre-Sleep
As you transition from wakefulness to sleep (drowsy stage), you may experience some type of hypnagogic hallucinations and/or myoclonic jerks
You may hear a loud crash, hear someone call your name, feel a sensation of floating, smell something burning, see a variety of colors
Involuntary muscle spasms

22. four NREM sleep stages Transitional stage from wakefulness to sleep
First 5-10 minutes of sleep
Gradually disengage from the sensations of the surrounding world
Still able to regain consciousness easily at this point
Some hypnagogic experiences continue here

23. four NREM sleep stages Stage 2: 15-20 minutes
Breathing becomes rhythmical
Some small muscle twitches
Brain activity begins to slow down
Sleep Spindles - Quick bursts of brain activity that last for a second or two

24. four NREM sleep stages
Stages 3
Transitional stage from 2 to 4

25. four NREM sleep stages
Stages 4:
Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing drop to their lowest levels

26. four NREM sleep stages Slow delta waves
… by Stage 4:
Slow delta waves
the sleeper is nearly oblivious to the outside world, and may take 15 minutes or more to regain consciousness from this level

27. four NREM sleep stages Stage 4:
It is possible to carry conversations, answer the phone, walk in this stage and never remember it
Most sleeping disorders occur during this time

28. Stages of Sleep – back again
By the time a sleeper has reached Stage 4, they have been asleep for about 60 minutes total.
After Stage 4 has been reached, the sleeper cycles back from Stage 3 to Stage 2 in a matter of minutes and enters REM Sleep.

30. Stages of Sleep
REM Sleep:
The brain becomes more active and generates small, fast brain waves
Visual and motor neurons fire during this stage, but voluntary muscle movements are suppressed (paralysis)

31. REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
recurring sleep stage
vivid dreams
“paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active

32. REM Sleep is often referred to as Paradoxical Sleep because…
Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration increase, muscles twitches, heightened sexual arousal
The first REM stage lasts about 15 minutes – the first sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes total

33. REM Rebound Sleep
The less time we spend in REM sleep one night, the longer amount of time we will spend in REM sleep the next night

34. Beyond the first 90 minutes
Sleepers cycle between NREM and REM sleep throughout the night
Each cycle lasts about 90 minutes

37. Functions of Sleep
Restoration theory—body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary to put it back in shape
Adaptive theory—sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when there is little value and considerable danger
Keywords: restoration theory, preservation and protection theory

40. DiscPSY Figure 4.2 p. 132

41. Individual Differences in Sleep Drive
Some individuals need more and some less than the typical 8 hours per night
Nonsomniacs—sleep far less than most but do not feel tired during the day
Insomniacs—have a normal desire for sleep but are unable to and feel tired during the day
Keywords: nonsomniacs, insomniacs

42. Sleep dysfunctions Sleep is a complex biopsychosocial state.
Sleep problems and disorders have a serious impact on an individual’s physical and mental health.
Sleep disorders have been linked to other mental disorders, such as depression and psychoses.
A history of sleep disturbance is associated with increased risk for new-onset depression, substance abuse, anxiety disorders, and nicotine dependence (Breslau et al., 1996). (
obstructive sleep apnea
insomnia
narcolepsy
restless legs syndrome

43. Insomnia Sleep Disorders
A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.

44. Sleep Disorders Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
Usually within the first three hours of sleep
The sleeper typically has the ability to navigate around objects, albeit poorly coordinated and in a stiff, automatic manner

45. Sleep Apnea

46. A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep
Carbon- dioxide builds up in the blood, causing a momentary awakening, during which the sleeper snorts or gulps for air

47. Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day
Though narcoleptics can fall asleep at any time, arousals usually trigger sleep – laughter, anger, surprise, sex
Narcoleptics instantly lose muscular control, and enter REM sleep. The dreams are often terrifying.

48. Night Terrors Nightmares
occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
high arousal- appearance of being terrified
Right back to sleep – usually no memory of the event
Nightmares
occur towards morning
during REM sleep

49. Sleep Deprivation
8 hours is generally suggested for adults, but the typical adult sleeps less than 7 hours a night.
9 hours is generally suggested for teenager, but the typical teen sleeps only about 6 hours a night.

50. Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration
immune suppression
irritability
slowed performance
Accidents
planes autos and trucks

51. Dreams
25% of a night’s sleep spent dreaming (about 2 hours) (6 yrs of your life)
Sleep Thinking – much more common
Vague, uncreative thoughts about real-life events

52. Sleep and Dreams
Dreams are a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind.
Notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and delusions

53. Dreams are unfolding episodes of mental images (story-like)

54. Dreams and REM Sleep
True dream—vivid, detailed dreams consisting of sensory and motor sensations experienced during REM
Sleep thought—lacks vivid sensory and motor sensations, is more similar to daytime thinking, and occurs during slow-wave sleep
Lucid dreaming
Keywords: true dream, sleep thought

55. Dreams and REM Sleep What are true dreams for?
Psychoanalytic interpretation
Activation synthesis model
Keywords: side effect view of dreaming

56. Activation Synthesis Model
Brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation) which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis).
Meaning is to be found by analyzing the way the dreamer makes sense of the progression of chaotic dream images.

57. Dreams 5 Basic Characteristics Emotions can be intense
Content/organization are usually illogical
Bizarre sensations
Even bizarre detail is uncritically accepted
Dream images are difficult to remember

58. We dream every night but often don’t remember.
Remembering Dreams
We dream every night but often don’t remember.
We remember dreams that occur close to waking.

59. Sleep and Dreams
A lucid dream is the act of consciously perceiving and recognizing that one is dreaming, enabling a more cogent ("lucid") control over the content and quality of the experience.

60. The Interpretation of Dreams wish fulfillment
Dream Theory
Sigmund Freud (1900)
The Interpretation of Dreams
wish fulfillment
(disguised fulfillment of repressed wishes)
discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
Sex and Aggression

61. Sleep and Dreams – When is a cigar just a cigar?
The manifest content of a dream is the literal storyline and events that occurred
The latent content of a dream is the interpretation of the unconscious drives, wishes, and desires that created the dream (the symbolism)