1. Agriculture:
Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.
Began when humans domesticated animals and plants for their use.
Crop: any plant cultivated by people
Cultivate means
“to care for”

2. Hunters and Gatherers:
Today: 250,000 still survive using this method…extremely isolated, on the periphery: Arctic, interiors of Africa, Australia, and South America
Food for survival from hunting and gathering plants. (Paleolithic Era)
Small groups of 50 people, collected daily
men > hunt …women > gathered…evolution of our bodies???
Migrated frequently
Conflict with other groups’ territory kept people apart…sound familiar?

3. Carl Sauer and Agricultural Hearths
Saur claimed vegetative planting happened first, and then seed agriculture.
In your notes:
Divide your paper into a T-chart. Write Vegetative Planting on one side, and Seed Agriculture on the other.
Read pg about each and look at the maps at the top of pages 330 and 331.
Take notes on both sides. Identify the hearth areas and explain how each type diffused.
Carl Ortwin Sauer (December 24, 1889 – July 18, 1975) was an American geographer and professor  at the University of California at Berkeley.

4. Two Types of Cultivation: Vegetative Planting
Vegetative Planting is the reproduction of plants using existing plants, such as cutting stems or dividing roots.

5. Seed Agriculture
Seed Agriculture: reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from fertilization.
Most commonly practiced today

6. Vegetative Planting Hearths

7. Location of 1st Vegetative Planting
Saur says vegetative stated in SE Asia
Climate the topography encouraged plants suitable
Taro and yam, bananas and palm were probably 1st domesticated plants
Dog, pig, chicken were domesticated in SE Asia
West Africa and NW South America

8. Seed Agricultural Hearths

9. Diffusion of Seed Agriculture
Seed agriculture diffused from SW Asia across Europe and through N Africa.
Rice has an unknown hearth.
Sauer identified a third independent hearth in Ethiopia—millet and sorghum
Argued that agricultural advances in Ethiopia did not diffuse widely to other locations

10. Classifying Agricultural Regions: LDC’s vs. MDC’s
Subsistence Ag:
Production of food for consumption
LDC
Commercial Ag:
Production of food for sale
MDC
Look at the bullet points on pg. 331:
What are the 5 main distinctions between subsistence and commercial?

11. Labor Force in Agriculture

12. Relationship of Farming to Other Businesses
Commercial farming—AGRIBUSINESS—integrated into a large food production industry
Farmers are less than 2% of US labor force and more than 20% work in food production related to agribusiness—processing, packaging, storing, distributing, retailing

13. Agricultural Revolutions
1st Agricultural Revolution (10,000BCE to 2000BCE)
Neolithic Revolution
Knowledge of seeds and animal domestication
Diffusion of agriculture
2nd Agricultural Revolution (17th to 19th century)
Coincides with the Industrial Revolution
Use of machines and steam technology.
Mass production begins.
3rd Agricultural Revolution (1960’s to now)
Use of science!!!
Green Revolution
Pesticides, herbicides
Fertilizer
Hybrids

14. 1st Agricultural Revolution
Carl Saur
Agriculture would flourish in the land of plenty
Fertile Crescent
Labor intensive crop growth and animal domestication

15. 2nd Agricultural Revolution
Coincided with Industrial Revolution ( )
Need more food to feed more workers (TECHNOLOGY)
Supported by governments
Enclosure Acts—enforced the increase in size of farms…basically created big farms
Increased productivity—increased market area (TRANSPORTATION)
More people left farms and moved to urban areas to fulfill industry demands for workers

16. 3rd Agricultural Revolution
Green Revolution (biotechnology, genetic engineering, use of chemical fertilizers
Dates back to 1930s
Manipulation of seeds to increase yields
1960s—How can we grow more food for people in India and Africa
Corn, wheat, rice (double or triple cropping)
Decreased famine
Evolution of modern supermarket

17. Agricultural Revolutions Primary effects: Secondary effects:
Urbanization
Social stratification (?)
Occupational specialization
Increased population densities
Secondary effects:
Endemic diseases (?)
Famine