1. Movement to End Apartheid
South Africa
Movement to End Apartheid

2. A Sign In English and Afrikaans Typical of the Apartheid Era 1948-1992

3. African National Congress
Founded in 1912.
Worked with in the law to resist Apartheid.
Used civil disobedience and peaceful protest to resist colonial rule and apartheid.
Strikes, boycotts.

4. Sharpeville Massacre: March 1960
Demonstration against Pass Laws
Police fired shots over the heads of protesters outside municipal buildings.
Injured 180and 69 killed
Tensions mounted crowd of 5,000 showed up a police station.
Police Opened fire on unarmed demonstrators; 69 blacks killed

6. Resistance Grows More Radical
Unit 6: Africa

7. ANC has a Decision to Make
Dec President of ANC Albert Luthuli accepts Nobel Peace Prize.
5 Days later MK the Military wing is created.
Secret meetings held in June, agree to launch a secret sabotage campaign.

8. The Afrikaners Attempt to Maintain Control
Unit 6: Africa

9. General Law Amendment Act (1962)
Further Crackdown on resistance and response to sabotage campaign
Minimum Five Year Prison Term to maximum of death for Sabotage “Protest”
Can remain in prison up to 90 days before questioning process began
Indefinite Imprisonment without a trial

10. Rivonia Trial Nelson Mandela
Launched Economic sabotage campaign after Sharpeville.
Arrested and convicted for attempting overthrow government (along with 8 others)
Sentenced to Life: Served from

11. A New Generation of Protestors
Unit 6: Africa

12. Black Consciousness Movement
Most of the ANC leadership was behind bars.
Black Consciousness Movement.
Founded by Steve Biko
Inspired by Black Power movement in America.
Pressed for increased rights and end to “separate development”

13. Soweto Riots (June 1976)
Students could no longer accommodate inequality.
How they resisted:
Protests, Boycotts, Demonstrations
June 1976
Staged Massive demonstration
Gov’t responded with force
Spread through out SA
600 lay dead & 2500 injured

14. Stephen Biko
(1977) – Popular protestor (student leader) beaten to death by police while in custody in Pretoria.
Had been arrested under Terrorism Act
Suffered head and brain injuries

15. Violence increases during the 1980’s
Peaceful Protests led to more black deaths.
People carried ANC banners in streets.
Protested against gov’t and black conspirators
South African Response
Government attacked ANC bases in South Africa, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Botswana
State of Emergency declared in 1985
“betrayers” were killed in gruesome fashion
Betrayers were killed in gruesom fashion known as ‘necklacing” in which they were placed in