1. Chapter 9: Lesson 2 – The War Rages On

2. On the Battlefield
Lincoln wanted to make an announcement that would change the purpose of the Civil War.
He needed to make the announcement after a Union victory.
The victory came on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest day in American history.

3. Battle of Antietam
Robert E. Lee led the Confederate Army into Maryland in September
Lee planned to surround Washington D.C.
Confederates encountered the Union Army at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland.
September 17th the fighting ended, nearly 6,000 Confederate and Union soldiers were dead and another 17,000 seriously wounded.
Union won the battle.

4. The Emancipation Proclamation
Five days after the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, official announcement issued by President Abraham Lincoln in that led to the end of slavery in the United States.
Emancipation Proclamation stated that on January 1, 1863, all enslaved people in the Confederacy were emancipated, or freed.
It did not apply to slave states that had stayed in the Union – Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri.
The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order based on powers given to the President by the Constitution.
Lincoln hoped it would give Union troops a new sense of purpose, weaken the South, and help the North win.
The Civil War was now more than Southern independence, or saving the Union. It was also about slavery and freedom.

5. The Fighting 54th
The Emancipation Proclamation encouraged thousands of free African Americans to join the Union Army and Navy.
Governor of Massachusetts asked abolitionist, Robert Gould Shaw to organize one of the first African American fighting forces.
February 1863, Shaw began training the 54th Massachusetts Colored Regiment at Camp Meigs, MA.
Regiment included two sons of Fredrick Douglass.
July 18, 1863, the 54th Regiment attacked Fort Wagner, South Carolina.
Many soldiers died. Union defeat.
Harriet Tubman helped care for the wounded.
By the end of the war, nearly 200,000 African Americans had joined the Union forces.

6. The Fall of Vicksburg
Goal of Anaconda Plan: gain control of Mississippi River.
General Ulysses S. Grant achieved this goal in July 1863, when Union troops took control of Vicksburg, Mississippi.
For months the city had been under siege and supplies had been cut off.
Lack of food forced some people to eat rats.
City fell on July 4, 1863.
Victory gave the Union control of the Mississippi River.
The Confederacy was split in two. The Anaconda Plan was almost complete.

7. Spring 1863, Lee’s army had defeated the Union in several battles, including an important clash at Chancellorsville,
Virginia.
General “Stonewall”
Jackson was killed in
battle at
Chancellorsville.
July 1, 1863, Lee’s army
met Union troops
under General George
Meade in a small farm town of
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
For three days, the armies fought each other.
Ground was taken and lost, but neither side was able to win.
The Turning Point

8. Pickett’s Charge
July 3, 1863, Confederate ammunition was running low, Lee ordered General George Pickett to charge Union lines.
Confederate soldiers formed lines about a mile wide and half a mile deep.
This became, “Pickett’s Charge.”
More than 12,000 troops ran one mile across open field into cannon and rifle fire from Union troops.
More than 6,000 men were killed and wounded in the attack.
Lee was forced to retreat.
Line of wagons carrying wounded soldiers back to Virginia was 17 miles long.
About 51,000 soldiers were killed or wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg.
It was the bloodiest battle ever fought in North America.
Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg turned the war in favor of the North.

9. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
November 18, 1863, officials and citizens gathered to dedicate the Soldiers’ National Cemetery at Gettysburg.
Former Governor of Massachusetts Edward Everett delivered a 2 hour speech.
President Abraham Lincoln spoke for two minutes.
272 words, Lincoln honored the soldiers and their cause, and states his vision for the country in his Gettysburg Address.
Gettysburg Address

10. The War Effort
Civilians of all ages contributed to the war effort on both sides.
Factory workers made weapons.
Railroad workers transported troops and supplies.
Young people worked in family shops & helped on farms.
Boys as young as 11 joined the army to serve as buglers or drummers.
Women worked in factories, cared for the wounded, sewed uniforms, made tents, ammunition, served as spies, and nurses.
Rose Greenhow served as a Confederate spy. She sent coded messages to the Confederate Army.
Harriet Tubman, conductor for the Underground Railroad, served as a Union spy, scout, and nurse.
Clara Barton served on the battlefield, bringing food, medicine, and supplies to the wounded.
In 1881 she founded the American Red Cross.