1. Energy and Organelles

2. Energy
the ability to do work

3. Energy Energy comes in many forms. Can we list some? Light Heat
Electrical
Chemical

4. Which type of energy do living things use?
living things use chemical energy to get work done

5. Uses of Chemical Energy in Organisms
muscle contractions
nerve impulses
cell membrane protein pumps (active transport)
making proteins (like enzymes and new tissues)
making nucleic acids (like DNA)
cell growth and repair

6. How do living things get energy?
food
energy in a molecule is in the chemical bonds formed between the atoms of that molecule
food molecules contain high-energy chemical bonds
when a high-energy bond is broken and lower energy bonds are made, energy is released
cells use the energy released
some organisms make food; other organisms can only consume food

7. But how do living things release store and release chemical energy?
from
food
Energy
for cell
work

8. ADP Adenosine Diphosphate
a molecule by which one phosphate attaches to create ATP
like a partially charged battery

9. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate
an important chemical in life's never ending need for energy
like a charged battery of useable energy for the cell

10. ATP extremely useful as the basic energy source of all cells
the third phosphate on an ATP molecule can readily be broken (releasing energy) and reformed (requires energy)
cells possess only small amounts of ATP
it is used for cell work very quickly
cells need to constantly make it

11. Using the Energy in ATP and Converting ADP into ATP
Animation

12. All of these require the use of ATP!
muscle contractions
nerve impulses
cell membrane protein pumps (active transport)
making proteins (like enzymes and new tissues)
making nucleic acids (like DNA)
cell growth and repair

13. Using the Energy in ATP and Converting ADP into ATP
from
food
Energy
for cell
work

14. Organelles
membrane-bound eukaryotic cell structures that have special functions
only found in Eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus)
their membranes are made of phospholipids just like cell membranes
organelles are to a cell like organs are to a body

15. Organelles Two major organelles associated with energy in cells
1. Chloroplasts
2. Mitochondria

16. Chloroplasts
oval shaped organelle in plant leaf cells and some types of protists
composed of an inner and an outer membrane

17. Chloroplasts
contain chlorophyll (green pigment) and all the enzymes necessary to convert light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into chemical energy (sugars) in a process called photosynthesis
produces sugar (food) for plant cells

18. Chloroplasts and Solar Panels
Energy Input
Sunlight
Output of Useable Energy for Humans
Electricity
Chloroplast
Visible Light (sunlight, lightbulbs, etc.)
Output of Chemical Energy for the Cell
Sugar (glucose)

19. Mitochondria (singular = mitochondrion)
oval shaped organelle in ALL eukaryotes
composed of an inner and an outer membrane
inner membrane has many folds (cristae) which increases the surface area of the inner membrane

20. Mitochondria (singular = mitochondrion)
the cell’s battery charger
produces usable energy for the cell from sugar using oxygen
this process is called cellular respiration
contain enzymes that split sugar molecules (glucose) and transfer the energy to ATP that the cell can use

21. Mitochondria and Battery Chargers
Energy Input
Electricity from an outlet
Output of Useable Energy for Humans
Battery
Mitochondria
Sugar (glucose)
Output of Useable Energy for the Cell
ATP

22. Endosymbiotic Theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts are the descendants of prokaryotes that took up a symbiotic relationship and became eukaryotic cells
This theory was proposed in 1970 by Lynn Margulis, an American biologist.

23. Endosymbiotic Theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts are the descendants of prokaryotes that took up a symbiotic relationship and became eukaryotic cells
This theory was proposed in 1970 by Lynn Margulis, an American biologist.
became fungi and animals
became plants

24. Endosymbiotic Theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts have many similarities to each other and bacteria
their own DNA, separate from the DNA found in the nucleus
use their DNA to produce many of their own proteins and enzymes required for their functions

25. Endosymbiotic Theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts have many similarities to each other and bacteria
two phospholipid bilayer membranes surround both organelles
further evidence that each was ingested by a primitive host
the inside membrane was the original cell’s membrane

26. Endosymbiotic Theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts have many similarities to each other and bacteria
reproduce like bacteria
replicate their own DNA (which is circular, like bacteria)
divide on their own independent of cell division

27. The Most Important Moment in the History of Life
Summary
The Most Important Moment in the History of Life
~ It's Okay To Be Smart

28. Summary