1. The Industrial Revolution in the United States.

4. The Rise of Industrialism

5. The Rise of Industrialism
Industrialism, a change in Production from hand craftsmanship to machine manufacturing
By the turn of the century the U.S. ranked first in the world for Industrial goods.
Key Factors in Industrial Growth
Abundant supply of Natural Resources
Opening of Industrial markets
Population shifts from rural to urban
Expanded labor supply fueled by Immigration

6. Government Support for Industrialism
The government:
Helped Industries with loans
Maintained laissez faire or a hands off policy
No taxes on personal incomes
No environmental controls

8. Invention and Innovation
Spirit of Innovation
676,000 of patents between 1860 and 1900
Urban Canters became magnets business entrepreneurs
Development of Steel production
Henry Bessemer perfected steel production
Electricity becomes widespread
Inventions fueled by electricity included the telegraph, telephone, escalators, elevators, and central heat.
Machines Increase Production
New machines included: sewing machine, bicycle, and automobiles.

10. Industrial Leaders Industrial Giants Other Industrial Leaders
John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil Company which controlled 90 percent of oil industry.
Attempted to monopolize the oil industry
Andrew Carnegie founded Carnegie Steel.
Used the “Bessemer steel process.”
Other Industrial Leaders
Cornelius “Commodore” Vanderbilt- railroads
Swift & Armour-Captains of the meatpacking industry
Guggemheim family controlled billions of dollars of copper

12. Other Industrial Leaders
The McCormicks founded International Harvest company and controlled the reaper business
The Duke family controlled tobacco
J.P. Morgan was the Financier of them all and one of the builders of Wall street
This period of time was known as the Gilded Age.
Social Darwinism: the theory that taught only the strong survived (in society and business)

15. Trusts and Government Corruption
Trusts influence Government Affairs
Monopoly: complete control of the entire supply of goods or of a service in a certain area or market; complete ownership or control of something.
Trusts: an arrangement in which someone's property or money is legally held or managed by someone else or by an organization (such as a bank) for usually a set period of time
Horizontal and Vertical Integration

16. Government Corruption
City governments were run by political machines and bosses that catered to industrial interests.
Political Machines: An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city; offering services to voters and businesses in exhange for political or financial support
Graft: the illegal use of political influence for personal gain
Patronage: the giving of government jobs to people who helped a candidate get elected (AKA: The spoils system)
Civil Service: government administration

18. Criticism & Defense of Big Business
Wealthy Americans faced criticism
Industrialists defended Big business
Philanthropists supported moral efforts

20. The Impact of Indutrialism

21. The Impact of Industrialism
Industrialism benefited the Middle Class
Technological advances benefited members of the upper and middle classes.
New opportunities in clerical, sales, and technology created jobs for women
Most Americans viewed industrialism as drudgery and hardship
Laborers faced harsh working conditions
Men and women worked 10 to 12 hour days, 6 days a week.
Low pay was common in the factories

23. Changes and Discrimination in the Workforce
Industrialism and Women
Industrialists recruited women, children, ethnic minorities, and Immigrants
Young, single women carved out new opportunities
Child Labor was common practice and children were forced into mostly dangerous positions with low pay
Managers pitted one group against the other.

24. Lawerence Mill Strike, 1912

25. Organized Labor Worker began organizing into labor or trade unions.
The Knights of Labor aimed to secure an 8 hour work day, income tax, the elimination of child labor and equal pay.
The American Federation of Labor under Samuel Gompers focused on higher wages, safer working conditions, and union representation.
Business resisted unions and strikes often resulted in violence.

27. Triangle!

29. Food Contamination and Muckrakers
Consumers Fraud
Consumers had no safeguards against poor quality products or misleading advertizing
Meat Packing Industry
The Jungle by Upton Sinclair described conditions in Chicago’s meatpacking industry
Writers focused on exposing societies ills rather than solving them.
Muckraker’s efforts paved the way for future reforms.

31. The Toll on the Environment
Environmental concerns
19th Century businesses used nonrenewable, polluting fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas.
Deforestation
Clear-Cutting is a method of deforestation used by logging companies to clear whole sections of land at a time
Air & Water pollution

32. The Toll on the Environment
Air & Water pollution
Cities manipulated natural routes to supply their industries
Environmental Reformers
Scientific Forest Management would cut down trees only to the extent of annual growth
Preservationists wanted total preservation fo America’s natural landscape
Famous environmentalists included John Muir and Gifford Pinchot.