1. How to do literature review?
Dr. Ahmet Demir
02/11/2017
Ishik University Sulaimani

2. What is literature and literature review?
Literature is all the works those have been studied in a subject of a scientific field
Literature review is reaching those journals and data bases to review the studied researches in concerning fields and subjects
Literature review is information obtained from previous studies’ important points and summarizes.
Literature review is not reviewing Uncle Google!!!
All the internet resources are not reliable and whatever referenced in a manuscript as information must be reliable. This reliability is belonging to the author

3. Literature Sources Available

4. Categories of sources
Primary (published and unpublished); sources are the first occurrence of a piece of work. It is difficult to trace it is called grey literature.
Secondary; subsequent publication of primary literature.
Tertiary; also called “search tools” are designed either to help to locate primary and secondary literature or to introduce a topic.

5. Literature Review
Before the research problem is determined, researcher can make a superficial literature check.
After creating the research problem, s/he takes a deep detailed look at the concerning literature and associates the relevant field with the manuscript.

6. Literature review Process
Literature review is an infinite process

7. General Guidelines to Writing a Literature Review
Don’t attempt to cover everything written on your topic
You will need to pick out the research most relevant to the topic you are studying
You will use the studies in your literature review as “evidence” that your research question is an important one

8. Questions to ask yourself
Why am I reading this?
What is the author trying to do in writing this?
How convincing is this?
What use can I make of this reading?

9. General Guidelines to Writing a Literature Review
It is important to cover research relevant to all the variables being studied.
Research that explains the relationship between these variables is a top priority.
You will need to plan how you will structure your literature review and write from this plan.

10. Organizing Your Literature Review
Topical Order—organize by main topics or issues; emphasize the relationship of the issues to the main “problem”
Chronological Order—organize the literature by the dates the research was published
Problem-Cause-Solution Order—Organize the review so that it moves from the problem to the solution
General-to-Specific Order—(Also called the funnel approach) Examine broad-based research first and then focus on specific studies that relate to the topic

11. Literature Review
After reviewing the literature, summarize what has been done, what has not been done, and what needs to be done
Remember you are arguing your point of why your study is important!
Then pose a formal research question or state a hypothesis
Be sure this is clearly linked to your literature review!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

12. Literature Review
All sources cited in the literature review should be listed in the references
To sum, a literature review should include introduction, summary and critique of journal articles, justifications for your research project and the hypothesis for your research project

13. Common Errors Made in Lit Reviews
Review isn’t logically organized
Review isn’t focused on most important facets of the study
Review doesn’t relate literature to the study
Too few references or outdated references cited
Review isn’t written in author’s own words
Review reads like a series of disjointed summaries
Review doesn’t argue a point
Recent references are omitted

14. For a good literature review
The literature that you find should be directly related with the research problem and should surround the problem overall
It must be taken from the scientific journals, not the magazines, newspapers, and non-academic sources
Not only the summarizing of the concerning paper but the review must also show the weak and strong points of the concerning paper
Overall it must construct a picture which shows the known and unknown points of the topic
Showing the controversial issues of the concerning topic
Not taking so many quotations and explaining the concerning reference with our own words
It must show and prove that the review you do will enrich the literature further

15. Writing the Literature Review
Plagiarism includes:
Using another writer’s words without proper citation
Using another writer’s ideas without proper citation
Citing a source but reproducing the exact word without quotation marks
Borrowing the structure of another author’s phrases/sentences without giving the source
Borrowing all or part of another author’s paper
Using paper-writing service or having a friend write the paper
It is seriously important to apply the ethical rules of academic world while doing a literature review
The idea will not be belonging to you if you just change the way it is expressed!!!!! It is basically about showing the idea as if it was yours although it wasn’t
Copy-paste without referring is plagiarism
It is not considered as “BAD” if you have many references

16. Direct Quotation: copy-pasting the sentences of a researcher without any change on it
You must quote it in “quotation mark” and either in the beginning, or in the end, you must refer to the authors
Paraphrasing: summarizing the idea of a researcher without changing the originality of it
You don’t use any mark due to the sentences are belonging to you –not the idea- but you must refer to the authors
For the quotations which doesn't exceed 40 words, it is quoted within the “Quotation Mark” within the paragraph. In contrary, it is quoted as a sequized paragraph such as;
How to make quotation

17. References
If the reference is with one author, it can be referred at the end of the sentence like; (Parez, 2017)
If the reference is with one author, it can be referred at the beginning of the sentence like; Parez (2017)
If the reference is with two authors, it can be referred at the end of the sentence like; (Parez and Kurdistan 2017)
If the reference is with two authors, it can be referred at the beginning of the sentence like; Parez and Kurdistan (2017)

18. references
If the reference is with 3-5 authors, it can be referred at the end of the sentence like;
(Parez, Kurdistan, and Karwan, 2017)
Later with the repetitive referencing;
(Parez et. Al., 2017)
If the reference is with 3-5 authors, it can be referred at the beginning of the sentence like;
Parez, Kurdistan, and Karwan (2017)
Parez et. Al., (2017)

19. references
If the reference has more than 6 authors, it can be referred at the end of the sentence like;
(Parez, et. Al., 2017)
If the reference is with 3-5 authors, it can be referred at the beginning of the sentence like;
Parez, et. Al., (2017)

20. Referencing to more than one study
If you would like to refer to more than one study for your claim, it might be done in some various ways;
If the studies are belonging to the same author within the same period of time, (Demir, 2014a, 2014b)
Otherwise, the authors might be sequenced according to the alphabetic order such as; (Demir, 2014; Ibrahim, 2000; Karwan, 2005)

21. Referring to books If it is single author;
Author surname, author's first letter. (Year). The name of the book (if there is a print number). Published City: Publisher
Balcı, A. (2009). Techniques and principles of research methods in social sciences (7th edition). Ankara: Pegem Publishing
Karasar, N. (2008). The method of scientific research (17th edition). Ankara: Nobel Publication Distribution
If it is multiple author;
Author's Last Name, First Name's First Name and Other Author's Last Name, First Name's First Name. (YEAR). Name of book (if any, print number). Published City: Publisher.
Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2005). Qualitative research methods in social sciences (5th edition). Ankara: Seckin Publishing
Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2008). Scientific research methods. Ankara: Pegem Publications.

22. Paper references
Şenocak, E., Taşkesenligil, Y. & Sözbilir, M. (2007). A study on teaching gases to prospective primary science teachers through problem-based learning. Research in Science Education, 37(3),
Sözbilir, M., Pınarbaşı, T., & Canpolat, N. (2010). Prospective chemistry teachers’ conceptions of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 6(2),