1. 11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11. Animal Physiology
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination

2. UNDERSTANDINGS
U1. Every organism has unique markers on the surface of their cells.
U2. B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals.
U3. Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
U4. Activated B cells multiply to form a clone of plasma cells and memory cells.
U5. Antibodies aid in the destruction of pathogens.
U6. Immunity depends on the persistence of memory cells.

3. U7. Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.
U8. Pathogens can be species specific although others can cross species barriers.
U9. White cells release histamines in response to allergens.
U10.Histamines cause allergic symptoms.
U11.Fusion with a tumor cell with an antibody producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell.
U12.Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells.

4. APPLICATIONS
A1. Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group.
A2. Small pox was the first infectious disease of humans to be eradicated.

5. I.Principles of Immunity for all Types of Infection
A.Challenge and Response: the immune system must be challenged by an antigen to develop an immune response.
B. Clonal Selection: Your immune system selects the specific type of cell to fight an infection and makes many copies of those specific cells. (Ex. PLASMA B Lymphocytes)
C. Memory Cells: Provide long term immunity after exposure to a pathogen.

6. II. Antigens on Cell Surfaces
A. Antigens that stimulate an immune response (production of antibodies) are usually protein and/or large polysaccharide molecules found on the surface of cancer cells, parasites and bacteria, on pollen grains and the envelope of viruses.

7. 1. Our own cells have their own “self” markers.
2. You immune system functions by distinguishing between “self” markers and “foreign” antigen markers.

8. III. Antigens on Red Blood Cells
A. The ABO blood groups are based on the presence or absence of a group of glycoproteins (“self markers”) on the surface of the red blood cell.
Blood Type A: has an additional N- acetylgalactosamine group.
Blood Type B: has an additional galactose group.

9. B. Transfusion with the wrong blood type, antibodies cause the clumping and bursting of blood cells called agglutination.

10. IV. Histamines and Allergies
A. Histamines are a substance that are produced in response to an infection or damage to an area that causes the dilation of small blood vessels to become leaky.
This causes swelling which increases the flow of fluid containing immune components to an infected area allowing for a specific and non-specific response.
Histamines are released by specialized white blood cells:
BASOPHILS- circulate in the blood
MAST CELLS- present in connective tissue

12. B. Allergies are an “over reaction” of the immune system to a harmless stimulus such as the “foreign” markers on pollen.
Histamines are released which can cause:
Itching
Fluid build up
Sneezing
Increase mucus secretion
Inflammation
Sever -potentially life threatening swelling - anaphylaxis

14. V.Monoclonal Antibodies

15. III. Monoclonal Antibodies
A. A pathogen is usually identified by the body’s immune system by the many different markers or antigens on its surface.
1. This causes a polyclonal response where many antibodies are produced.
2. It is very difficult to separate the many different antibodies.
B. A technique used to produce MONOCLONAL antibodies allows for the production of large amounts of one type of antibody.

16. 1. Production of MONOCLONAL antibodies.
a. Antigens are injected into an animal.
b. B- cells producing the desired antibodies are extracted from the animal.
c. Cancerous tumor cells are fused with the selected B cells forming HYBRIDOMA cells that are long lived, dividing endlessly producing large amounts of the desired antibody.
D. These antibodies are extracted and purified.

17. 2. Use of MONOCLONAL antibodies
a. Diagnosis
Pregnancy Tests- The lab animals are injected with HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) which is identified as a foreign antigen.
The B cells that produce these antibodies are used to make HYBRIDOMAS that produce anti-HCG antibodies.
These antibodies are bonded to an enzyme that changes color when the antibody binds with HCG.

19. VI. Vaccinations
A. Vaccinations-exposure to a heated or chemically weakened or harmless strain of a pathogen or a chemical that acts as an antigen.
1. Vaccines act as the first exposure to a pathogen.
a. This allows for the body to under go the PRIMARY RESPONSE to fight the pathogen and form memory cells.
b. The body is now able to produce antibodies quickly if there is a second infection with the real pathogen.

20. c. BOOSTER shots or subsequent vaccinations for the same antigen are given to get a SECONDARY RESPONSE from the memory cells and produce an even faster and greater antibody production

21. A. Primary Response B. Secondary Response
1.First time exposure to an antigen takes several days for the lymphocytes to be activated and form clones.
2. Antibodies are not formed until the cloned cells are produced.
B. Secondary Response
1. A second exposure to the same antigen causes memory cells to produce a stronger and faster response.

23. VII. Zoonosis
A. Zoonosis is a pathogen that can cross a species barrier.
Examples) Lymes disease, West Nile Disease, and Rabies
This is thought to have been caused by the growth of contact between animals and humans.
Examples) Close contact with livestock and disruption of habitats.