1. New France

2. When and Where?
In the early 1500s, European countries (specifically France) began sending explorers to the “New World”
They were looking for a route to the Far East (Asia) to find silks and metals- Jacques Cartier
They discovered the St. Lawrence area of Canada and began setting up colonies there because of the fertile lands and the fur trade (coureurs de bois- runners of the woods)

3. Jacques Cartier
Early European explorer who claimed “Canada” for France

4. Jacques Cartier 1534 – King Francois I gave Cartier a 2 part mandate
-find a shipping route to the Orient
-find precious metals and gems
Cariter put up a cross in Newfoundland to claim the “new world” for France
Native chief Donnacona saw this and went to Cariter to protest.

5. Cariter convinced Donnacona to send 2 of his sons back to France to show the King.
When they returned they told Donnacona stories of being treated well – a positive relationship was created between the French and the Iroquois.

6. Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de Champlain often came back and forth between France and New France- an important builder
He created many maps of New France, founded Quebec City, and helped shape European-Aboriginal relations
He formed an alliance with the Huron peoples because he thought they could teach the Europeans important skills to survive in their new climate (hunting, fishing, canoeing)
When the Hurons fought the Iroquois, the French helped them and Champlain killed two Iroquois Chiefs
The Iroquois people then sided with the British on any issues between France and England

7. Samuel de Champlain

8. French-Aboriginal Relations
Champlain encouraged intermarriage between French men and Aboriginal women to increase the population (metis) and increase friendly relations
The French saw themselves as missionaries- they wanted to convert the Aboriginals to Christianity- to “save” them

9. Soldiers
Many soldiers that were sent to defend the French settlements within New France decided to stay to try and have a better life than what waited for them in France. The King encouraged such actions in order to better develop his settlements and small colonies, sometimes even paying soldiers to stay.

10. Challenges of New France
Europeans did not know about our cold winters
They did not know if their crops would grow
They did not know how to hunt or protect themselves against wildlife
The did not know if the people already living there would accept them or try to get rid of them (First Nations peoples)

11. The Early Years The trip over on was difficult and many got sick
Those that came were mostly poor people in search of a better life
They either farmed or entered the fur trade (coureurs de bois)
The populations grew slowly at first due to the tough life style and lack of women

12. Coureurs de Bois Runners of the woods
Started the fur trade (originally without permission)

13. Growing
Jean Talon created les filles du roi, which gave women reasons to go to New France, in the 1600s
King Louis XIV started encouraging people to go over in the 1700s

14. Louis XIV King of France from 1643-1715
His policies helped France become an important player in establishing the New World

15. Jean Talon The First intendant of France
Handled the day-to-day work of government

16. Habitants
Farmers were called habitants and had a difficult life at first
They had to clear the land, till the soil and build shelter before their first winter
They grew wheat, corn, oats, barley, and tobacco and raised livestock
The women and children cooked made clothing and furniture

17. Textbook Work Religious Figures - Page 10-12 # 1-3
The Fur Traders – Page #1-2a)

18. Seigneural system
The King of France originally owned the land of New France
Farms were set up in seigneuries, which were long, thin strips of land with access to water
Once the farms were set up, the men would often leave to enter the military or fur trade to earn extra money
Egages (hired hands) and the women and children ran the farms

19. Seugneuries

20. Religion Religious areas were called parishes
The church owned 2/3s of the land in New France
The church was the centre of social life, and hosted many festivals, and funded schools and hospitals
The church also wanted to convert the Aboriginal peoples to their Roman Catholic lifestyle

21. Francois de Laval
The Bishop of Quebec, and head of the Roman Catholic church

23. Towns
People that were not farmers moved to the towns of Montreal and Quebec which became busy trading centres
Lumber was an important industry, so many sawmills were created to help the shipbuilding industry (build ships for the French Navy)
Iron-ore was also an important resource

24. Jesuit Priests
Sometimes known as the society of Jesus – Roman Catholic
Came to New France to spread the RC religion to the natives
Came to New France to set up schools for boys

25. Saint Marie Among the Hurons
Jesuits first set their sights on the Huron people to the West of their settlements – they wanted to build a mission and agricultural centre near the major canoe routes
The Iroquois were enemies of the Huron and the Jesuits were worried about attack – they built high walls and strong gates.

26. Eventually there were about 70 priests, soldiers, assistants and servants at Sainte Marie Among the Hurons
The Iroquois attacked and killed 5 people – the mission was abandoned
The Jesuits decided to build another centre on Christian Island – this time the Iroquois waited until winter and the water had turned to ice to attack and destroy the centre.
The Jesuits then realized how tough their job would be.

27. Ursuline Nuns 1619 Marie Martin was a 20 year old widow with a son.
Instead of re-marrying, she decided to enter the convent and become a nun
After some “visions” she decided to go to Quebec to convert the First Nations to Christianity.
Her and 2 other Ursuline sisters arrived and built a convent called Marie de l’Incarnation – it became one of the strongest arms of the Catholic religion in New France
They opened convents and schools for girls.

28. Quebec City
One of few walled cities in North America
Why?

29. 1649 The Iroquois attacked the French/Huron alliance
The settlement Sainte-Marie Among the Hurons was destroyed and many people lost their lives in the battle
Quebec and Montreal were also attacked
King Louis XIV sent 1300 troops to defend the colony and they attacked many Iroquois villages
-In 1667, the Iroquois signed a peace treaty ending the fighting

32. Disease
The Europeans brought across many diseases that the native peoples were not immune to and many died
Smallpox

33. Economy of New France
Text page #1-3 dialogue optional

34. The Acadians
In the 1600s, many French colonists came to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and P.E.I. to farm and fish
The Roman Catholic Church was very powerful here
The area was attacked several times by the French and the British as they both wanted the land
Ownership switched hands many times until the British captured it in 1670

35. The Treaty of Utrecht
In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed giving Britain control of Acadia and Newfoundland
Acadia’s name was changed to Nova Scotia
The Acadians were allowed to keep their language and religion but had to swear allegiance to Britain (although they refused to fight for them)

36. The French vs. The English
By the 1600s, France and England were the two major powers fighting for land in the New World
They were mainly fighting over the fur trade
During this time, the population of New France increased from 3000 to due to growth and soldiers

37. Radisson and Groseilliers
French explorers who were opening up the interior of North America (moving west)
They had a fight with France and in 1670 the appealed to the British for money
They created the Hudson’s Bay Company

38. Hudson Bay

39. The Fur Trade
Through the 1600s, France was still the leader of the fur trade and continued to move west and south conquering territory
To protect their land, the French built Louisbourg (where Nova Scotia is today), a fortress to protect access to the St. Lawrence River
In 1745, the English attacked Louisbourg

40. Louisbourg

41. The Seven Years War
In 1749, the British gave some land to some Americans in an territory that France had already claimed
France wanted to protect their land (and fur trade) so they build a series of forts in the area
The British didn’t like this and attacked Fort Duquesne (led by George Washington)
France fought back and beat the British army, but both countries sent more troops to the area in preparation for a larger war

42. The Battle of the Plains of Abraham
The French started off ahead by using surprise attacks (guerrilla warfare) but the British took the lead when they captured Fort Louisbourg in 1758 and took control of the St. Lawrence River (France could not send anymore troops)
The British won an important battle at the Plains of Abraham and a year later the French surrendered

44. Wolfe and Montcalm

45. After the War
France was worried that New France would become too much like England, so many important leaders left
French influence shrunk as the British took control of industry, commerce, and the fur trade
1763- the Treaty of Paris was signed (by France, Britain, and Spain) ending the Seven Years War- Quebec was turned over to the British

46. The Articles of Capitulation
The French governor gave the British a list of demands to protect the citizens of Quebec
Number 25- the Roman Catholic religion must be allowed to continue (British were Protestants)
Number 28- Roman Catholic officials must be allowed to do their duties as before