1. Functions
BUS 782

2. What are functions?
Functions are prewritten formulas. We use functions to perform calculations.
Enclose arguments within parentheses. Arguments are values on which you want to perform the calculation.
Example: PMT function

3. Types of Functions Built-in functions: Financial Date & time
Math & statistical
Database
Lookup
Logical
Text
Etc.

4. Examples of Using Math Functions: Quotient and Mod
Quotient: Quotient(Dividend, Divisor)
Remainder function: MOD(Dividend, Divisor)

5. Return the Smallest Number of Coins
Examples:
26 cents: 1 Q, 1 P
57 cents: 2 Q, 1 N, 2 P
63 cents: 2 Q, 1 D, 3 P

7. Statistical Functions
Sum, Average, Max, Min, Count
Ignore text and logical values.
Can have many arguments:
=SUM(A1:A3, 12, B3:B7)

8. Examples of Using Statistical Functions
Compute each student’s:
Best score, Lowest score, exam average
Average of the best 3 scores
Average of the best 2 scores

9. Large(Data range, kth value)
Returns the k-th largest value in a range.
Average of the best two exams:
=(Large(B2:E2,1) + Large(B2:E2,2))/2

10. Average Excluding the Highest and the lowest Scores

11. Text Functions Lower(text): Lower(“David”) -> “david”
Upper(text): Upper(“David”) -> “DAVID”
Proper(text): The first letter in each word in uppercase and other in lower case

12. Date & Time Functions How Excel handles dates: Functions:
Serial #: 1/1/1900 – day 1
Functions:
Today() – today’s date
Now() – current date and time
Year(a date)
Month(a date)
Weekday(a date)

13. Examples Tomorrow’s date? How many days to July 4th?
Compute the age given a date of birth.

14. Determine action based on condition
If Function
Determine action based on condition

15. Examples Simple condition: More than one condition: Complex condition:
If total sales exceeds $300 then applies 5% discount; otherwise, no discount.
More than one condition:
Taxable Income < = no tax
3000 < taxable income <= % tax
10000 < taxable income <= % tax
Taxable income > % tax
Complex condition:
If an applicant’s GPA > 3.0 and SAT > 1200: admitted

16. Comparison Less than: < Less than or equal: <=
Greater than: >
Greater than or equal: >=
Equal: =
Not equal: <>
At least: >=
At most: <=
No more than: <=
No less than: >=
A comparison returns True/False.
Example:

17. IF Function =IF(condition, ValueIfTrue,ValueIfFalse) Example:
Tuition: If total units <= 12, then tuition = 1200
Otherwise, tuition = per additional unit

18. Example: Compute weekly wage
Example: Compute weekly wage. Overtime hours are paid 50% more than the regular pay.

19. Example: Tax rate is based on married status:
Single: 15%
Married: 10%

20. Example: A restaurant charges service fee based on this rule: 15% of the check amount with a minimum of $2.

21. Exercises
1. How to determine an integer entered in a cell is an even number or an odd number?
2. The average of two exams is calculated by this rule: 60% * higher score + 40% * lower score.
3. An Internet service provider offers a service plan that charges customer based on this rule:
The first 20 hours: $10
Each additional hour: $1.5

22. Nested IF

23. Nested IF Example: Rules to determine bonus:
JobCode = 1, Bonus=500
JobCode = 2, Bonus = 700
JobCode = 3, Bonus = 1000
In C2: If(B2=1, 500, If(B2=2, 700, 1000))

24. 1
JobCode= 1
Or <> =1 2
JobCode=2 Or <> 2 3

25. Example
Electric Company charges customers based on KiloWatt-Hour used. The rules are:
First 100 KH, 20 cents per KH
Each of the next 200 KH (up to 300 KH),
(100 < KH <= 300), 15 cents per KH
All KH over 300, 10 cents per KH

26. What if we have more than 3 conditions
Example: Bonus
JobCode = 1, Bonus = 500
JobCode = 2, Bonus = 600
JobCode = 3, Bonus = 700
JobCode = 4, Bonus = 800
JobCode = 5, Bonus = 1000 …
Other functions:
Table lookup

27. Example
State University calculates students tuition based on the following rules:
State residents:
Total units taken <=12, tuition = 1200
Total units taken > 12, tuition = per additional unit.
Non residents:
Total units taken <= 9, tuition = 3000
Total units taken > 9, tuition = per additional unit.

28. Units <= 12 or Not
Resident or Not
Units <= 9 or Not