1. Immigration and urbanization

2. Immigrants from Europe
Old New New New

3. Push Factors
Push Factors= Things that force/“push” people out of a place or land.
Drought or famine
Political revolutions or wars
Religious persecution
Economic struggles

4. Push Factors
1880s- Farmers had a difficult time in Mexico, Poland, and China.
1840s- many wars and political revolutions in China and Eastern Europe which caused economic troubles.
Russian and Eastern European Jews faced religious persecution and fled to the U.S. for safety.

5. Pull Factors
Pull Factors= Things that attract people to a place or land.
Plentiful Land
Employment
Religious Freedom
Political Freedom
New Life

6. Pull Factors
1862 Homestead Act and aid from railroad companies made western farmland inexpensive.
Workers were recruited from homelands to build railroads, dig mines, or work in factories.
Many wanted to find gold.
Chain immigrants= come to be with family or friends who had gone before to start new lives.

7. Old v. New RELIGION Protestant Catholic and Jewish BIRTHPLACE
REASONS
DESTINATION
OCCUPATION
Protestant Catholic and Jewish
North/Western Southern/Eastern Europe Europe
Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution
Moved to farms Moved to cities in the in the Midwest Northeast
Became farmers Unskilled workers

8. New Immigrants
New Immigrants= Southern and Eastern Europeans during 1870s until WWI.
Came from Ireland, Germany, Italy, Greece, Poland, Hungary and Russia.
Often unskilled, poor, Catholic or Jewish, and planning to save some money to take back home.
Old Immigrants- Came before the Irish and German immigrants.
After 1900, New Immigrants made up 70% of all immigrants.
American natives felt threatened by the new immigrants

9. New Immigrants Flood the Cities
Old Immigrants:
Western European
Mostly Anglo-Saxon
Or German
Mostly Protestant
High rates of Literacy
Farmers
New Immigrants
Eastern and Southern European
Orhodox, Jewish, or Catholic
Illiterate
Used to City Life

10. Urban Growth:
Mentor, Admin, PDF
Mentor, Admin, PDF

11. The Growth of the City 1870-1900 Population in cities tripled
Industrial jobs
Urban lifestyle
Electricity
Indoor plumbing
Telephones
Skyscrapers and bridges
Department stores

12. Immigrants Arrive in America
2 ports of entry into the U.S.
Ellis Island- New York City
Angel Island- San Francisco Bay
To enter the ports immigrants had to be healthy and show they had money, a skill, or a sponsor to provide for them.
They had to go through a series of health tests and evaluations and could possibly be sent back to their homeland if they did not meet proper guidelines..

13. Immigrants Assimilate Into Society
Assimilate = to fit in.
Most immigrants stayed in cities and lived in ethnic neighborhoods called ghettos.
These neighborhoods would share the same language, religion, and culture.
By 1890 many cities had a huge immigrant population. 4/5 people in NYC were immigrants.

14. Immigrants Face Hostility
Nativism = belief that native born white Americans were superior to immigrants.
Competition for jobs and homes often fueled resentment and religious and cultural differences caused tensions as well.
Chinese Exclusion Act = 1882 Prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers, limited civil rights of immigrants in America, and forbade naturalization of Chinese residents.
A later ruling said the Chinese who were already in America were considered U.S. citizens.

15. Chinese Exclusion Act
Resentment and discrimination against the Chinese.
First law to restrict immigration.
Taking away jobs from Nativists

16. Immigrants Change America
Immigrants changed America in many ways.
Fueled industrial growth
Acquired citizenship
Elected politicians
Made their traditions a part of American culture.
Mexican Americans developed ranching techniques.
Chinese, Irish, and Mexican workers built railroads.
Immigrants worked in coal mines, steel and textile mills, and factories.
Women immigrants worked in factories, seamstresses, laundresses, made piecework, and worked as servants.
Immigrants helped the U.S. become a world power.

17. “Dumbell “ Tenement, NYC

18. “Dumbell “ Tenement

19. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lived (1890)

20. Tenement Slum Living

21. Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

22. Hester Street – Jewish Section

23. Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC