1. Cells

2. The Cell The cell is: the basic unit of life
It is the simplest unit capable of:
Independent existence

3. Cell Theory
The cell is the smallest structural and functional living unit
Organismal functions depend on individual and collective cell functions
Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their specific subcellular structures
Continuity of life has a cellular basis

4. Cell Diversity Over 200 different types of human cells
Types differ in size, shape, subcellular components, and functions

5. (a) Cells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases
Erythrocytes
Fibroblasts
Epithelial cells
(a) Cells that connect body parts,
form linings, or transport gases
Nerve cell
Skeletal
Muscle
cell
Smooth
muscle cells
(e) Cell that gathers information
and control body functions
(b) Cells that move organs and
body parts
Sperm
Macrophage
(f) Cell of reproduction
Fat cell
(c) Cell that stores nutrients
(d) Cell that
fights disease
Figure 3.1

6. The Cell B. Life functions
cells themselves are what is alive in organism
1. Reproduction
2. Growth/Development
3. Movement
4. Respiration
5. Digestion
6. Homeostasis
7. Respond/adapt
8. Excretion of wastes

7. The Cell Levels of organization atoms  molecules  cells 
tissue  organs  organ systems
Allows for division of Labor

8. The Cell There are 11 Organ Systems a. Skeletal f. Respiratory
b. Muscular g. Excretory
c. Skin (Integumentary) h. Endocrine
d. Digestive i. Nervous
e. Circulatory j. Reproductive
k. Lymphatic

9. All the organs of the body were having a meeting, trying to decide who was the one in charge.
"I should be in charge," said the brain, "Because I run all the body's systems, so without me nothing would happen.“
"I should be in charge," said the blood , "Because I circulate oxygen all over so without me you'd all waste away.“
"I should be in charge," said the stomach," Because I process food and give all of you energy.“
"I should be in charge," said the legs, "because I carry the body wherever it needs to go." 9

10. The Moral of the story? Even though the others do all the work……
"I should be in charge," said the eyes, "Because I allow the body to see where it goes."
"I should be in charge," said the rectum, "Because I'm responsible for waste removal."
All the other body parts laughed at the rectum And insulted him, so in a huff, he shut down tight.
Within a few days, the brain had a terrible headache, the stomach was bloated, the legs got wobbly, the eyes got watery, and the blood Was toxic. They all decided that the rectum should be the boss.
The Moral of the story?  Even though the others do all the work……
The asshole is usually in charge. 10

11. Types of Cells A. Prokaryotes 1.) Lack a true membrane- bound nucleus
2.) Single-celled
a.) bacteria
3.) DNA located within cell

12. Types of Cells B. Eukaryotes 1. Has membrane-enclosed nucleus
a. information center of the cell and contains DNA
2. Single-celled (unicellular) or many-celled (multicellular)
3. Has other membrane bound organelles
4. There are 2 types of Eukaryotic cells

13. Plant Cell

14. Animal Cell

15. Generalized Cell All cells have some common structures and functions
Human cells have three basic parts:
Plasma membrane
flexible outer boundary
Cytoplasm
intracellular fluid containing organelles
Nucleus
control center

16. Cytoplasm Located between plasma membrane and nucleus Cytosol
Water with solutes (protein, salts, sugars, etc.)
Cytoplasmic organelles
Metabolic machinery of cell
Inclusions
Granules of glycogen or pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, and crystals

17. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Membranous
Mitochondria
Peroxisomes
Lysosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Nonmembranous
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Ribosomes

18. Mitochondria Double-membrane structure with shelflike cristae
Provide most of cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
Contain their own DNA and RNA

19. Outer
mitochondrial
membrane
Ribosome
Mitochondrial
DNA
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
(a)
Cristae
Matrix
(c)
Enzymes
(b)

20. Ribosomes Granules containing protein and rRNA
Site of protein synthesis
Free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins
Membrane-bound ribosomes (on rough ER) synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes or exported from the cell

21. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae
Continuous with nuclear membrane
Two varieties:
Rough ER
Smooth ER

22. Smooth ER
Nuclear
envelope
Rough ER
Ribosomes

23. Rough ER External surface studded with ribosomes
Manufactures all secreted proteins
Synthesizes membrane integral proteins and phospholipids

24. Smooth ER Tubules arranged in a looping network
Enzyme (integral protein) functions:
In the liver—lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycogen, and, along with kidneys, detoxification of drugs, pesticides, and carcinogens
Synthesis of steroid-based hormones
In intestinal cells—absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
In skeletal and cardiac muscle—storage and release of calcium

25. Golgi Apparatus Stacked and flattened membranous sacs
Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids
Transport vessels from ER fuse with convex cis face of Golgi apparatus
Proteins then pass through Golgi apparatus to trans face
Secretory vesicles leave trans face of Golgi stack and move to designated parts of cell

26. destined for exocytosis Secretion by exocytosis Extracellular fluid
Protein-
containing
vesicles pinch
off rough ER
and migrate to
fuse with
membranes of
Golgi
apparatus. 1
Rough ER ER
membrane
Phagosome
Plasma
mem-
brane
Proteins in
cisterna
Pathway C:
Lysosome containing
acid hydrolase
enzymes
Proteins are
modified within
the Golgi
compartments. 2
Vesicle becomes
lysosome
Proteins are
then packaged
within different
vesicle types,
depending on
their ultimate
destination. 3
Secretory
vesicle
Golgi
apparatus
Pathway B:
Vesicle membrane
to be incorporated
into plasma
membrane
Pathway A:
Vesicle contents
destined for exocytosis
Secretion by
exocytosis
Extracellular fluid

27. Lysosomes
Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)
Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
Degrade nonfunctional organelles
Break down and release glycogen
Break down bone to release Ca2+
Destroy cells in injured or nonuseful tissue (autolysis)

28. Endomembrane System Overall function
Produce, store, and export biological molecules
Degrade potentially harmful substances

29. Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Vesicle
Golgi apparatus
Plasma
membrane
Transport vesicle
Lysosome

30. Peroxisomes Membranous sacs containing powerful oxidases and catalases
Detoxify harmful or toxic substances
Neutralize dangerous free radicals (highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons)

31. Cytoskeleton Elaborate series of rods throughout cytosol Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

32. Cell Website