1. Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Acids, Bases & Chemicals
Pima Medical Institute
Cell types
& structures
Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
Acids, Bases & Chemicals
Cell Types & Structure
Pima Medical Institute Online Education
David Shier, Jackie Butler, Ricki Lewis, Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th Ed. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Created by Dr. Melissa Eisenhauer, Trevecca Nazarene University

2. Composite Cell Cells vary in size, shape, content, and function
A composite cell includes many known cell structures
Specialized cells differ in the numbers and types of organelles
Nerve Cell
Epithelial Cell
Tissue Cell
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Controls cellular activities
Organelles
Divide the labor of the cell
Describing a typical cell is impossible because cells vary in size, shape, content, and function.
A composite cell includes many known cell structures.
Under a light microscope, a properly applied stain reveals three basic cell parts: the cell membrane that encloses the cell, the nucleus that houses the genetic material and controls cellular activities, and the cytoplasm that fills out the cell. Within the cytoplasm are specialized structures called organelles, which are suspended in a liquid called cytosol. These organelles perform specific functions, which divides the labor of the cell.
Specialized cells differ in the numbers and types of organelles, reflecting their functions.
Cytoplasm
Generally includes organelles and cytosol

3. Cell Membrane
ACTIVE
Cell membrane
(plasma membrane)
Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell
Is thin, flexible, and elastic
Maintains cell integrity
Selectively permeable
Complex surface features
Nucleus
The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane) is more than a simple boundary surrounding the cellular contents. It is an actively functioning part of the living material. The cell membrane regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell and is the site of much biological activity.
The cell membrane is extremely thin, flexible, and somewhat elastic. In addition to maintaining cell integrity , the cell membrane is selectively permeable, which means that only certain substances can enter or leave the cell. The cell membrane has complex surface features with many outpouchings and infoldings that increase surface area.

4. Signal Transduction
A series of molecules detect signals from outside the cell and transmit them inward
Other molecules orchestrate the cell’s response
Signal transduction is a molecular communication process through which the cell can interact with other cells. A series of molecules that are part of the cell membrane form pathways that detect signals from outside the cell and transmit them inward, where yet other molecules orchestrate the cell’s response. The cell membrane also helps cells adhere to certain other cells, which is important in forming tissues.
Signal transduction enables cell interaction
The cell membrane helps cells adhere to other cells

5. OILY Double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules C O O
Amino acids
Sugars
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Various ions
Double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules
The cell membrane is composed mainly of lipids and proteins, with few carbohydrates. Its basic framework is a double layer, or bilayer, of phospholipid molecules.
The membrane’s interior is oily because it consists largely of the fatty acid portions of the phospholipid molecules. Molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, which are soluble in lipids, can easily pass through this bilayer.
However, the bilayer is impermeable to water-soluble molecules, such as amino acids, sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, and various ions.
OILY O C O

6. Cholesterol & Membrane Proteins
A cell membrane includes many kinds of proteins that are classified according to their positions
Cholesterol
Makes membrane less permeable to water-soluble substances
Cholesterol molecules embedded in the cell membrane’s interior help make the membrane less permeable to water-soluble substances, while stabilizing the membrane with their rigid structure.
A cell membrane includes a few types of lipid molecules, but many kinds of proteins which provide special functions.
Membrane proteins are classified according to their positions. Membrane-spanning (transmembrane) proteins extend through the lipid bilayer and may protrude from one or both faces. Peripheral membrane proteins associate mostly with only one side of the bilayer.
Peripheral protein
Associate with one side of the bilayer
Transmembrane protein
Extends through the lipid bilayer

7. Cell Membrane Proteins
Some form receptors that start signal transduction
Receptor
Membrane proteins have a variety of functions
Membrane proteins have a variety of functions, some form receptors on the cell surface that bind incoming hormones or growth factors, starting signal transduction.
Other proteins transport ions or molecules across the cell membrane. Membrane proteins form selective channels that allow only particular ions to enter or leave. In nerve cells, for example, such selective channels control movement of sodium and potassium ions.
Cell membrane
Ion
Some transport ions or molecules across the cell membrane

8. Cell Membrane Proteins
Another type of cell membrane protein is a cellular adhesion molecule (CAM) which guides a cell’s interactions with other cells
Glycoprotein
Attached to a carbohydrate
Identify the cell
Proteins that extend inward from the inner face of the cell membrane anchor it to the protein rods and tubules that support the cell from within. Proteins that extend from the outer surface of the cell membrane mark the cell as part of a particular tissue or organ in a particular person. This identification as self is important for the functioning of the immune system. Many of these proteins are attached to carbohydrates, forming glycoproteins.
Another type of protein on a cell’s surface is a cellular adhesion molecule (CAM), which guides a cell’s interactions with other cells. For example, a series of CAMs helps a white blood cell move to the site of an injury, such as a splinter in the skin.
Filaments anchored to the protein
CAMs help a white blood cell move to the site of an injury

9. Cilia & Flagella CILIA FLAGELLA Cilia Flagella
Cilia and flagella are motile (moht-l) extensions from the surfaces of cells. Cilia are short, motile extensions. There are many of these and they have a wave-like motion. This action serves to move fluids, such as mucus, over the surface of certain tissues, including those that form the inner linings of the respiratory tubes.
Flagella are long, motile extensions. These have a whip-like motion that generally is used for movement, like the tail of a sperm cell. The tail of a sperm cell is a flagellum that enables this motile cell to “swim” and is the only example of a flagellum in humans.
Are short, motile extensions
Have a wave-like motion
Serve to move fluids over the surface of certain tissues
Are long, motile extensions
Have a whip-like motion used for movement
Like the tail of a sperm cell
Including inner linings of the respiratory tubes

10. Do you want to see the parts of a typical animal cell?
End of presentation
INTERACTIVE TUTORIALS & VIDEOS
A Typical Animal Cell
Do you want to see the parts of a typical animal cell?
Yes!