1. Cells
Packet 3

2. CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
An ORGANELLE is a tiny structure that performs a specialized function (or job) in the cell.
Structure or Organelle
What is the function of the organelle or structure?
(What does it do?)
Sketch
Is it found in
Prokaryotes
(Yes/No)
Eukaryotes… If so which ones?
Bacteria
Plants
Animals
Holds & protects the genetic information of the cell.
Separates the cell from the outside and controls what enters and leaves the cell
Provides added structure & support. Found outside the cell membrane.
Location of protein production
Nucleolus
DNA
NUCLEUS
NO YES YES
Nuclear Envelope
Cell
Membrane
Cell Wall
CELL MEMBRANE
YES YES YES
YES YES NO
CELL WALL
RIBOSOME
YES YES YES

3. Eukaryotes… If so which ones?
Structure or Organelle
What is the function of the organelle or structure?
(What does it do?)
Sketch
Is it found in
Prokaryotes
(Yes/No)
Eukaryotes… If so which ones?
Bacteria
Plants
Animals
Transport channel of proteins
Stacks of membranes that collect, modify, repackage & release proteins for use in or out of the cell.
An organelle that contains digestive enzymes used to clean up old worn out parts of the cell (or waste).
Uses energy from the sun to make This process is called
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (E.R)
NO YES YES
GOLGI APPARTUS (BODIES)
NO YES YES
LYSOSOMES
NO NO YES
NO YES NO
CHLOROPLAST
GLUCOSE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

4. Eukaryotes… If so which ones?
Structure or Organelle
What is the function of the organelle or structure?
(What does it do?)
Sketch
Is it found in
Prokaryotes
(Yes/No)
Eukaryotes… If so which ones?
Bacteria
Plants
Animals
Makes _______ - a usable form of cell energy. This process is called
Sac like structure that stores materials such as water, salts, carbs, and proteins.
Framework of filaments and fibers that supports the cell structure.
ATP
MITOCHONDRIA
NO YES YES
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Plant Cell
NO YES YES
(Large (Small)
Central)
Vacuole
VACUOLE
Nucleus
YES YES YES
CYTOSKELETON

5. Eukaryotes… If so which ones?
Structure or Organelle
What is the function of the organelle or structure?
(What does it do?)
Sketch
Is it found in
Prokaryotes
(Yes/No)
Eukaryotes… If so which ones?
Bacteria
Plants
Animals
Part of the cytoskeleton – long whip-like tail that helps with movement
Part of the cytoskeleton – many small hairs that helps with movement as well
Part of the cytoskeleton that help with cell division
FLAGELLUM
YES NO YES
Flagellum
CILIA
NO NO YES
CENTRIOLES
NO NO YES
Pathway for Proteins:
proteins made at ribosome proteins travel thru E.R Proteins modified/ sorted/shipped out of Golgi

6. Discovery of the Cell I. Hierarchy of Life: II. Cell Theory
ATOMS * combine together to make →
MOLECULES* combine together to make →
MACROMOLECULES combine together to make →
ORGANELLES may combine together to make →
CELLS may combine together to make →
TISSUES may combine together to make →
ORGANS may combine together to make →
ORGAN SYSTEMS may combine together to make →
ORGANISM
*Atoms and compounds are not living, but must be combined to form a living cell or organism of many cells, such as a human.
Basic Unit of Life
II. Cell Theory
All living things are made up of one or more cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of an organism.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.

7. All cells can be divided into one of two categories based upon their complexity:
Prokaryotic Cells are very SMALL
Do not have a NUCLEUS (the part that contains the DNA)
Do not have membrane bound ORGANELLES
Usually small and UNICELLULAR (meaning they are made up of a single cell)
Example: BACTERIA
Eukaryotic Cells are LARGER
Have a NUCLEUS
Have membrane bound ORGANELLES
Can be both unicellular and MULTICELLULAR
(are made of many cells).
Example: Cells of PLANTS or ANIMALS
Structures that are common to all cells are: DNA CELL MEMBRANE
CYTOPLASM RIBOSOMES

8. Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Organisms that have cells lacking internal membrane bound structures. X
Do not have a nucleus
Can be either single-celled or made up of many cells
Are always single-celled organisms.
Organisms that have cells containing membrane bound organelles

9. Microscopes 10 x 10 = 100 Types of Microscopes
Compound Light Microscope:
Uses two lenses:
Used to magnify and show detail of a specimen (one that light can pass through).
Image is as a result of the lenses that are used.
Can magnify up to times (The ones we have only magnify up to times).
The equation below is used to calculate total magnification:
Total magnification = magnification of X magnification of
Ex: If the eyepiece magnifies the image 10x and the low power objective magnifies the image 10x, then the total magnification of the image would be:
OBJECTIVES and OCULAR (EYEPIECE)
TRANSLUCENT
INVERTED
400
OBJECTIVE lens OCULAR lens
10 x = 100

10. Microscopes Continued
- This is the visible area seen through the microscope when the specimen is in focus.
The greater the magnification, the ___________ the field of view will be.
FIELD OF VIEW
SMALLER
LOWEST (SCANNING) POWER
LOW POWER
HIGH POWER
2. Stereomicroscope (also known as ________________________Microscope).
Useful when viewing objects that are too ____________________or too ___________for the compound light microscope.
Unlike the compound light microscope, the images seen are not inverted. This is because you are using _______________eyepieces (binocular scope).
Can only magnify up to _______ - _______times.
DISSECTING
LARGE
THICK
TWO
4X – 50X

11. ELECTRON MICROSCOPES 3. Scanning Electron Microscopes – _______* SEM
Shows the ________________only
Can magnify up to __________times
SEM
SURFACE
100,000
4. Transmission Electron Microscope – ___________*
Electrons pass through the object - allows you to “see” _______
Can magnify up to ___________times
** A big problem of the SEM and TEM is that the specimen must be ______________________ in order to view in with one of these microscopes.
TEM
INSIDE
200,000
DEAD

12. Compound Light Microscope
Identify the name of the following parts of the microscope and the letter that represents that part on the diagram.
OCULAR LENS (EYEPIECE)
________________ - what you look through. Magnifies the image 10x.
_________________ works with Part 1 to further magnify the image. There are 3 different magnification levels shown on this microscope.
__________________ - Platform where the slide is placed.
__________________ - Holds the specimen
__________________ - Covers the specimen on the slide.
__________________ - Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen.
__________________ - Supports the microscope. Where you place one hand when carrying.
__________________ Brings the image into sharp focus.
__________________ Only used on lowest (scanning) power to bring the image into focus.
__________________ - Holds the slide in place on the stage.
__________________ - Supports the microscope and where your other hand is placed when carrying.
OBJECTIVE LENS
STAGE
SLIDE
COVERSLIP
DIAPHRAGM
BASE
FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
STAGE CLIPS
ARM

13. The Evolution of a Cell (Simple to Complex)
Evolution of Life - the order of their suspected appearance on Earth)
The first life forms: Were they?
Circle one of the pairs of terms below
Explanation or
What chemical process occurred that allowed there to be aerobic organisms?
SIMPLEST CELL – NO NUCLEUS
prokaryotic
eukaryotic
HETEROTROPHS JUST EAT FOOD, THEY DON’T ACTUALLY MAKE IT
autotrophic
heterotrophic
Aerobic (used oxygen)
THERE WASN’T ANY OXYGEN ON EARLY EARTH
Anaerobic (didn’t use oxygen)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS BECAUSE IT RELEASES OXYGEN
Based on the info from the table – list the order of organisms as they appeared on Earth.
ANAEROBIC, HETEROTROPHIC PROKARYOTES
ANAEROBIC, AUTOTROPHIC PROKARYOTES
AEROBIC PROKARYOTES
EUKARYOTES

14. How did the first Eukaryotic cells come about?
Endosymbiotic Theory – endo means IN symbiotic means RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 ORGANISMS so……
Smaller PROKARYOTES entered inside larger prokaryotes.
The smaller prokaryote(s) got PROTECTION
The larger prokaryote got FOOD
This smaller cell was really good at producing ATP and came to be known as the MITOCHONDRIA
Eventually a 2nd small prokaryotic cell was engulfed by the larger cell…
This cell was really good at absorbing solar energy and using it to make food for itself and came to be known as the CHLOROPLAST.

15. Support for the endosymbiotic theory:|
Unlike other organelles, mitochondria & chloroplasts both REPRODUCE independently of the cell.
Both mitochondria & chloroplasts contain their own DNA
Both have two MEMBRANES around them.
Endosymbiosis Animation

16. Early Earth
Earth is formed with toxic gases, water vapor, and no oxygen
Earth’s surface cools and water vapor forms oceans as it rains
Simple organic molecules such as amino acids and carbohydrates form from the thunderstorms
Protocells (non-living groups of molecules) form and contain RNA
Prokaryotic cells form. Prokaryotes are simple cells that include bacteria.
Photosynthetic prokaryotes form adding oxygen to the atmosphere
Ozone (O3) layer forms from atmospheric oxygen to protect Earth
Eukaryotic cells (more complex cells with a nucleus) form through endosymbiosis
Multicellular eukaryotes form

17. Cell Specialization Type of cell Picture Function Nerve cell
Long and forms chains with other nerve cells to send signals through the body
Villi in the small intestine
Increased surface area to absorb many nutrients
Red blood cell
Round to fit through blood vessels
Sperm cell
Has a tail (flagella) for swimming
Skin cells
Many layers to protect the body

18. Cell Specialization Why are cells specialized? What are stem cells? –
So different cells can perform different functions.
What are stem cells? –
Cells that can become anything. They have not differentiated or become specialized yet.