1. Industrial Revolution
Effects on society

2. Review:
Small Family Farms to Industrial Cities
Why England?

3. Reflect on each of the following images
Reflect on each of the following images. What does each tell us about the Industrial Revolution? What side of the revolution is not shown in the group as a whole?

10. Industrialization not always positive
In the long run, industrialization was positive.
Lots of bumps along the way
Human suffering:
Unhealthy working conditions
Air and water pollution
Child labor
Class tensions

11. Industrialization takes off quickly
By the 1800s people in Britain could earn more money in a factory than on a farm
Movement of goods on a larger scale: People could afford to heat their homes with coal from Wales, eat beef from Scotland and buy woven clothes from English factories

12. Cities
Across Europe after 1800, more people lived in cities than in the country
1800 – 1850: number of cities in Europe with more than 100,000 people went from 22 to 47
Most European cities doubled in population, some even quadrupled
Urbanization: city development and movement of people to cities

13. Urbanization in Britain
Many areas with groups of factories became industrial centers
Southern Wales
Central Scotland
Largest industrial centers were built in southern and central England
London becomes the biggest city in Europe (twice as big as Paris)

15. Life in the cities In a word: depressing
No sanitation codes, no city planning
Streets had no drains, no garbage collection
Entire families often lived in one bedroom
Disease widespread
Life expectancy: one study showed 17 years of age for working class people in a city, 38 years in nearby rural area

16. Working conditions
Factory owners wanted to keep machines running as much as possible
Average work day: 14 hours, 6 days per week
Work never changed, like it did on farms depending on the season
Dangerous!

17. How dangerous was it? It was so dangerous that…
People lost limbs to machines
No government welfare program to aid injured workers
Coal mine work caused people to live 10 years less than in other jobs
Accidents, coal dust, dampness
Women and children worked in mines because they were smaller and the cheapest source of labor

18. Class tensions
Industrial Revolution made some people very rich, while workers remained VERY poor
Factory owners, shippers, merchants all made big money
The middle class of Britain
Skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople and wealthy farmers

19. Middle class
Upper middle class: government employees, doctors, lawyers, factory managers
Lower middle class: factory supervisors, skilled workers
Both classes enjoyed a comfortable standard of living compared to average workers and miners

20. Working class
Laborers, workers, miners saw little improvement in their lives
Many saw jobs disappear as factories took over
Automated some of their work
Open rebellion in some parts of England against machines and factories
Luddites – named after Ned Ludd (a myth) who supposedly destroyed machinery
Today if you hate technology, you are called a Luddite

21. Positive effects of industrialization
Initially created jobs for workers
Added to the wealth of the nation
Allowed technological progress and innovation
Increased production of goods
Raised standard of living
Provided hope of improvement for people

22. More positives Educational opportunities
More business = more taxes for government to collect
More taxes = more investment in the nation
Eventually working class saw improvements as well
But not until reforms enacted