1. After the initial and severe withdrawal symptoms, there is the second phase of withdrawal that lasts for 1+ months. All second phase withdrawals include depression as a symptom.

2. Drug
Make-Up
Most Common Intake Methods
Effects
Duration of Effects
Withdrawal Symptoms
Cigarettes
Tobacco; nicotine
Smoke; ingest (chew tobacco)
Calming, soothing, dizzying, alertness
Duration of cigarette
3-7 days: irritability, insomnia, headaches
PCP
Chemicals made to use paint, motor oil, and ammonia, also contains cyanide
Insufflate; smoke (liquid)
Dissociation, euphoria, hallucinations
6 hours
Weeks: seizures, irritability, hallucination, acidosis, and muscle breakdown. Months: memory loss
Marijuana
Cannabis
Smoke; ingest (edibles)
Relaxation, euphoria, impaired motor skills and short-term memory
2-3 hours

3. Ephedrine, lithium, neurotoxins Inject; snort; smoke
Drug
Make-Up
Intake Method
Effects
Duration of Effects
Withdrawal Symptoms
Methamphetamine
Ephedrine, lithium, neurotoxins
Inject; snort; smoke
Increased sexual desire, euphoria, energy
2-6 hours
1st day: vomiting, severe flu-like symptoms
3-4 weeks: inactivity, sleepiness, anxiety
LSD
fungus
Orally (blotter paper, sugar cube)
Hallucination, synesthesia, anxiety, paranoia
6-8 hours
N/A
Alcohol
Ethanol
Ingest
Drowsy, calms, disinhibits. Impairs coordination, reasoning, speech, reaction time
1+ hours after drinking
Few days to few weeks: tremors, seizures, hallucination, irritability
Methamphetamine

4. Drug
Make-Up
Intake Method
Effects
Duration of Effects
Withdrawal Symptoms
MDMA (Ecstasy/E/Molly)
Safrole or camphor oil (both carcinogens)
Ingest; snort
Sense of intimacy and euphoria, reduces anxiety, distorts perception
3-6 hours
1-3 Days: panic attacks, insomnia, anxiety, depression, irritability, psychosis, paranoid delusions
Cocaine
Coca
Insufflate; smoke (crack); inject
euphoria, alertness, restlessness, anxiety, paranoia, tremors
High: 7 seconds
Weeks: irritability, restlessness,
anhedonia,
vivid and unpleasant dreams
Heroin
Opium
Inject; smoke; insufflate; suppository
Euphoria, calm, alternately alert and drowsy
2-8 hours
anxiety, insomnia, severe flu-like symptoms, vomiting, spasms, and potentially death

5. Drugs

6. Our brain is protected by a layer of capillaries called the blood-brain barrier.
The drugs that are small enough to pass through are called psychoactive drugs.

7. The faster a drug gets to the brain, the more addicting it is.
Smoking is faster than insufflation, injecting, ingesting, and rectal admin.

8. Opiates Has depressive and hallucinogenic qualities.
Agonist for endorphins.
Derived from poppy plant.
Morphine, heroin, methadone and codeine.
All these drugs cross the placental barrier….teratogens.

9. Agonists vs. Antagonists
Agonist-a chemical that fully activates the neuronal receptor that it attaches to to produce a biological response
Cocaine
Antagonist-a chemical that attaches to a receptor but does not activate it and blocks, or reverses, an agonist
Agonist-Antagonist-Does both. Opiates

10. Drugs are…. Agonists: Mimic Reuptake inhibitors
Antagonists: Blocks Reuptake inhibitors
Agonist-Antagonists: Does Both
Opioids like Suboxone (synthetic opiates that are used to help heroin addicts wean off)

11. Agonists Acetylcholine-Excitatory-Nicotine and black widow venom
Dopamine-Inhibitory-Cocaine and nicotine
Endorphins-Inhibitory-Opiates
GABA-Inhibitory-Valium, barbiturates, and sleeping pills
Glutamate-Antihistamines
Serotonin-Inhibitory-LSD and ecstasy
Norepinephrine-Excitatory-Caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines

12. Antagonists Acetylcholine-Pesticides and nerve gas
Dopamine-Haloperidol (used to treat cocaine or meth overdose), Antipsychotics (e.g., Seroquel), anti-anxiety and antidepressants.
Endorphins-Naloxone (used to treat overdose from opiates)
GABA-Antihistamines and drugs used to treat depressant overdose
Glutamate-Alcohol
Serotonin-SSRIs (e.g., sertraline, fluoxetine), antipsychotics, anti-anxiety and antidepressants.
Norepinephrine-Lithium and other mood-stabilizers, antidepressants (e.g., Mirtazapine

13. Drug Tolerance Tolerance
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Drug dose
Drug
effect
Response to
first exposure
Tolerance
Decrease in effect of a drug with repeated use…
Reduction, or neuroadaptation, in the body’s response to a drug

14. Physical & Psychological Dependence
Physical Dependence: Addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms, develops when changes in brain chemistry from taking the drug necessitate taking the drug again to prevent withdrawal symptoms.
Drug Tolerance: Reduction in body’s response to a drug
Withdrawal Symptoms: Physical illness following withdrawal of the drug
Psychological Dependence: Drug dependence based on psychological or emotional needs; develops when the person has an intense desire to achieve the drugged state in spite of adverse effects.

15. Caffeine
Causes hand tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness
Increases risk of breast cysts, bladder cancer, heart problems, and high blood pressure.
In pregnant women, increases risk of having a child with birth defects or having a miscarriage.
Withdrawal: Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body temperature

16. Opiates
Heroin and morphine
Oxycodone and hydrocodone
Addition comes fast and the withdrawal symptoms can be fatal

17. Stimulants Speed up body processes.
More powerful ones (like cocaine) give people feelings of invincibility.

18. Alcohol: NOT a stimulant but DOES lower inhibitions
Depressants
Tranquilizers/Benzodiazepines : Lower anxiety & tension; sedates; prolonged or excessive use impairs memory
Valium (Diazepam), Xanax (Alprazolam), Halcion (Triazolam), Klonopin (Clonazepam)
GHB: depressant that relaxes and sedates; combination of degreasing solvent and drain cleaner
Alcohol: NOT a stimulant but DOES lower inhibitions
Depressant-impacts glutamate, serotonin and dopamine
Binge Drinking: Five or more drinks in a short time; Serious sign of alcohol abuse

19. Hallucinogens Psychedelics Causes changes in perceptions of reality
LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana.
Reverse tolerance or synergistic effect
Health Risks of Using Marijuana:
Causes precancerous changes in lung cells.
Suppresses immune system, perhaps increasing risk of disease.
Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users.
Can damage some of the brain’s memory centers.
Temporarily lowers sperm count

20. Hallucinogens Psychedelics Causes changes in perceptions of reality
LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana.
Reverse tolerance or synergistic effect
Health Risks of Using Marijuana:
Causes precancerous changes in lung cells.
Suppresses immune system, perhaps increasing risk of disease.
Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users.
Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory centers.
Temporarily lowers sperm count

21. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Dawn Farm Education Series Oct 25, 2007

22. Depressants
Alcohol
More than 86 billion dollars are spent annually on alcoholic beverages.
Alcohol is involved in 60% of ALL crimes.
Alcohol is involved in over 70% of sexually related crimes.

23. Some Health Risks of Using Marijuana
Causes precancerous changes in lung cells.
Suppresses immune system, perhaps increasing risk of disease.
Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users.
Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory centers.
Temporarily lowers sperm count

24. Cocaine
Cocaine achieves its effect through the chemical messengers dopamine and noradrenaline.
Processed into crack—less pure “cut” or “stepped on”

25. Meth

26. Treatment for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence
Detoxification: Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; often necessary before long-term treatment begins
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover.
Narcotics Anonymous (NA): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering drug addicts; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over drugs usage and wanting to recover.