1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
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2. of periodontal disease
Epidemiology
of periodontal disease
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3. Advantages of epidemiology
1- to identify the causative (etiological) factor of a disease.
2- to identify the prevalence and severity of a specific disease or
condition.
3- help in the development of methods of control and prevention.
4- to define the problems that may be associated with that disease.
5- help in planning of treatment and estimation of manpower
required and resources through the analysis and interpretation
of the collected data..
6- help in identification of high risk groups. So the priorities in the
conducted treatment can be determined.
7- it is provide a base line data for the future studies and treatment
planning.
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4. 1- the pathologic changes of dental
The studying of epidemiology of periodontal disease is slower in progression than that of caries because of the following:
1- the pathologic changes of dental
caries involve hard calcified tissues,
where as periodontal disease
involve soft and hard tissues.
2- periodontal disease does not tend
itself easily to objective
measurements.
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5. Definitions:
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6. Epidemiological index: Prevalence: Incidence: Severity:
Dental epidemiology:
Pattern:
Base line data:
Epidemiological index:
Prevalence:
Incidence:
Severity:
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7. Requirement of an epidemiological index :
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8. 2. permit the examination of many people in a short time .
1. easy to use.
2. permit the examination of many people in a
short time .
3. define the clinical conditions objectively.
4. can be reproducible in assessing a clinical
condition when used by one or more than one examiners.
5. can be analyzed statistically.
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9. Types of indices:
1- reversible indices: it measures the disease in which no
damage occur and the
condition is reversible.
2- irreversible indices: measure destructive disease and
damaging conditions. Ex.
Periodontitis.
3- we have other indices that shows both reversible and
irreversible indices. Ex.
Periodontal index (PI) by Russell 1956.
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10. Some indices used in Periodontology
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11. A – Indices used to assess the gingival inflammation
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12. 1- PMA index (Schour & Massler). P = dental papilla.
M = gingival margin.
A = attached gingiva.
Score ( 0 ) is given when there is no
inflammation.
Score ( 1 ) is given when the site is
inflamed. This index was
confined to the labial aspects of
incisors, canines and
premolars only.
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13. 2- Periodontal index of Russell ( PI ).
0- No inflammation no loss of function .
1- Mild gingivitis the inflammation doesn't encircle
the tooth .
2- Gingivitis, the inflammation encircle the tooth.
4- Notch like alveolar bone resorption ( on
radiograph)
6- True pocket formation and horizontal bone
resorption.
8- Advanced bone destruction and loss of function.
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14. 3- Periodontal disease index of Ramfjord ( PDI )
It is similar to Russell PI with the following
scores
0- healthy periodonteum.
1- mild to moderate gingivitis.
2- Sever gingivitis.
Component measures the periodontal
destruction, GCF and even calculus were
included in this index.
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15. 4- Gingival index ( Loe & Silness )
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16. B – Indices used to assess
the gingival bleeding
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17. 1- Sulcular bleeding index ( SBI ).
2- Papillary bleeding index ( PBI ).
3- Gingival index used by national
institute of dental research (NIDR)
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18. C – Indices used to assess the plaque accumulation
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19. 1- Plaque index (Silness & Loe) 2- Simplified oral hygiene index
Green & vermillion (OHI-S)
it composed of Depris index
(DI )and Calculus index ( CI ).
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20. D – Indices used to assess the calculus accumulation:
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21. 1- Calculus index of OHI-S. 2- Calculus component of PDI .
3- Calculus surface index CSI .
4- Probe method index . direct
measurements.
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22. E – Indices used to assess the treatment needs:
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23. Periodontal Treatment Need System ( PTNS ).
This system depend on assessment of treatment need on basis of time required and type of treatment needed . this system permit the calculation of the manpower, resources, facilities and time required to face a certain situation.
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24. Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs ( CPITN )
Code
Condition
Treatment need
Code 0
healthy No
Code 1
Plaque + bleeding on gentle probing
OHI + S
Code 2
Plaque + calculus
Code 3
Plaque + calculus + pocket of 4-5 mm
OHI + S + RP
Code 4
Plaque + calculus + pocket more than 5 mm
OHI + S + RP +PS
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25. Factors affecting the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease
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26. 1- Oral hygiene: periodontal disease increased
as the oral hygiene is impaired.
2- Age: periodontal disease increased with
advancing in age.
3- Sex: more in females than males.
4- Race: more in Negroid than Caucasian.
5- Place of residence: more in rural than urban
areas.
6- Level of education: decreased as the level of
education is increased.
7- Occupation: can be affected by certain
occupations as wind instrument players.
8- income: decreased as the financial level is
increased.
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27. Thank You
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